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Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo) is Galileo's 1632 book defending the Copernican system, published in Florence.
Diamagnetism
Diamagnetism is a weak magnetic response in which a material develops a magnetization opposite to an applied magnetic field, giving a negative susceptibility present in all matter.
Diamane
Diamane is a two-dimensional diamond-like carbon film in which bilayer graphene is converted to an sp³-bonded lattice by chemical treatment or pressure, with candidate uses in quantum devices and photonics.
Diameter
Diameter is the greatest distance between any two points of a set; in a circle it is a chord through the center and equals twice the radius.
Diamictite
Diamictite is a lithified, poorly sorted siliciclastic sedimentary rock with a wide clast size range and no fixed origin; its widespread deposits record ancient glaciations such as the Cryogenian Snowball Earth episodes.
Diamidophosphate
Diamidophosphate (DAP), or phosphorodiamidic acid, is a water-soluble phosphorus-nitrogen compound, first prepared in 1894 and prominent in origins-of-life research as a prebiotic phosphorylating agent.
Diamine derivatization reactions
Diamine derivatization reactions convert molecules bearing two amine groups into amides, ureas, imines, carbamates, or protected derivatives, with the central problem being whether one or both nitrogens react.
Diamines as chelating ligands
Diamines such as ethylenediamine act as chelating ligands, binding a metal ion through both nitrogen atoms to form a five-membered ring, the basis of the chelate effect.
Diaminopimelic acid
Diaminopimelic acid, or DAP, is an amino acid found in bacterial cell walls, where it cross-links peptidoglycan, and in lysine biosynthesis, making it an antibiotic target.
Diammonium phosphate
Diammonium phosphate, also called diammonium hydrogen phosphate, is the white crystalline salt (NH4)2HPO4, one of the most common phosphorus fertilizers with grade 18-46-0, also used as a wildland fire retardant.
Diamond
Diamond is a mineral of crystallized elemental carbon, prized as a gemstone and used industrially; it forms deep in the mantle and is the hardest known natural material.
Diamond (gemstone)
Diamond is a gemstone cut from the mineral diamond, a pure form of carbon that is the hardest known natural material and the world's most popular gemstone.
Diamond battery
A diamond battery, also called a nuclear diamond battery, is a betavoltaic battery using radioactive carbon-14 in synthetic diamond, first announced by UKAEA and the University of Bristol in December 2024.
Diamond clarity
Diamond clarity is one of the 4Cs of diamond grading, measuring the absence of internal inclusions and surface blemishes on a GIA scale from Flawless to I3.
Diamond color
Diamond color is the gem-trade grade of how little yellow or brown tint a diamond shows, graded D (colorless) to Z on the GIA scale.
Diamond color center
A diamond color center is an atomic-scale point defect in the diamond lattice that emits characteristic light and carries spin usable for quantum bits, single-photon sources, and nanoscale sensing.
Diamond core drilling
Diamond core drilling is a rotary drilling method in which a diamond-impregnated bit cuts a solid cylinder of rock, called a core, for examination at the surface.
Diamond cubic
The diamond cubic structure, also called the diamond lattice, is a crystal structure with tetrahedral bonding to four neighbors, adopted by diamond, silicon, germanium, and α-tin.
Diamond dust
Diamond dust is a form of precipitation of very small, unbranched ice crystals that fall slowly from an apparently cloudless sky, typically in cold polar regions.
Diamond Light Source
Diamond Light Source is the United Kingdom's national synchrotron science facility at Harwell near Didcot, Oxfordshire, using X-rays from accelerated electrons to study matter at atomic scale.
Diamond magnetometry
Diamond magnetometry measures magnetic fields using the electronic spin of nitrogen-vacancy color centers in diamond, enabling nanoscale-resolution magnetic imaging at room temperature, proposed and demonstrated in 2008.
Diamond nanophotonic cavities for NV centers
Diamond nanophotonic cavities for NV centers are photonic-crystal and microcavity structures in diamond that concentrate optical fields around a nitrogen-vacancy center, boosting its spin-photon coupling toward scalable solid-state quantum networks.
Diamond nanophotonic quantum network
A diamond nanophotonic quantum network is a quantum network whose nodes are color-center qubits, such as NV and SiV centers, embedded in nanoscale diamond optical structures connected by fiber.
Diamond norm
The diamond norm, also called the completely bounded trace norm, is a norm on linear maps introduced by Alexei Kitaev to measure the worst-case distinguishability of two quantum channels.
Diamond rain
Diamond rain is the hypothesized precipitation of solid diamond crystals through the mantles of ice giants like Uranus and Neptune, an idea proposed by Marvin Ross in 1981 and tested in laboratory experiments since.
Diamond semiconductor
A diamond semiconductor is an electronic device that uses synthetic diamond as its semiconducting layer, valued for its ultrawide 5.47 eV bandgap, extreme thermal conductivity, and nitrogen-vacancy quantum sensors.
Diana Liverman
Diana Liverman is a Regents Professor Emerita of geography at the University of Arizona who studies climate vulnerability, adaptation, and food security, and was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2020.
Diana Qiu
Diana Y. Qiu is a computational condensed-matter physicist and Assistant Professor at Yale University, known for first-principles many-body calculations of two-dimensional semiconductors and their excitons, and a 2025 PECASE recipient.
Dianna Cowern
Dianna Cowern, full name Dianna Leilani Cowern, is an American physicist and science communicator known for creating and hosting the YouTube channel Physics Girl, produced with PBS Digital Studios.
diaPASEF
diaPASEF is a mass spectrometry scan mode for bottom-up proteomics, combining data-independent acquisition with ion mobility on timsTOF instruments, introduced in Nature Methods in 2020.