42,772 articles
Frederick Rossini
Frederick Rossini (1899–1990) was an American chemical thermodynamicist best known for directing the American Petroleum Institute's hydrocarbon research projects and compiling the reference tables that became design data for the oil industry.
Frederick Seitz
Frederick Seitz (1911–2008) was an American solid-state physicist who helped found the quantum theory of solids, led the National Academy of Sciences, and later organized the 1998 Oregon Petition against the Kyoto Protocol.
Frederick Soddy
Frederick Soddy was a British radiochemist who won the 1921 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work on radioactive substances and isotopes, a term he coined in 1913.
Frederick Sumner Brackett
Frederick Sumner Brackett (1896–1988) was an American physicist who discovered the infrared hydrogen lines called the Brackett series in 1922 and later developed spectroscopic methods at the National Institutes of Health.
Frederick T. Wall
Frederick T. Wall (1912–2010) was an American physical chemist known for the statistical thermodynamics of polymers and the first Monte Carlo simulations of macromolecules on a digital computer.
Frederick Thomas Trouton
Frederick Thomas Trouton (1863–1922) was an Irish physicist who gave his name to Trouton's rule and designed ether-drift experiments with null results that helped prepare for special relativity.
Frederick Vine
Frederick Vine, full name Frederick John Vine, was a British marine geologist whose 1963 explanation of oceanic magnetic anomalies led to the acceptance of plate tectonics.
Frederik Belinfante
Frederik Jozef Belinfante (1913–1991) was a Dutch theoretical physicist who gave one of the first general proofs of the spin-statistics theorem and co-invented the symmetrized stress-energy tensor.
Frederik R. Wurm
Frederik R. Wurm (Frederik Wurm) is a polymer chemist and professor of Sustainable Polymer Chemistry at the University of Twente since 2020, known for biodegradable polyphosphoesters.
Fredholm determinant
The Fredholm determinant, introduced by Erik Ivar Fredholm in 1903, generalizes the ordinary determinant to operators of the form identity plus trace class on a Hilbert space.
Fredholm index
The Fredholm index of a Fredholm operator between Banach spaces is dim ker T minus dim coker T, an integer that stays stable under compact perturbations.
Fredholm integral equation
A Fredholm integral equation is an integral equation in which the unknown appears under an integral with fixed limits, in a first kind and a second kind.
Fredric M. Menger
Fredric M. Menger is an American organic chemist at Emory University known for his work on micelle structure and for coining the term gemini surfactants.
Fredrick K. Manthi
Fredrick K. Manthi is a Kenyan paleontologist at the National Museums of Kenya who directs Turkana Basin excavations and was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2024.
Fredrik Kjellin
Fredrik Adolf Kjellin (1872–1910) was a Swedish chemist and engineer who built the first usable electric induction furnace and produced the first usable electric steel, at Gysinge bruk in 1900.
Free abelian group
A free abelian group is an abelian group that is a direct sum of copies of the integers, or equivalently an abelian group with a basis.
Free algebra
A free algebra is an algebraic structure with a set of generators such that every map of the generators into any algebra of the class extends to a homomorphism.
Free base
The free base (also free-basing) is the neutral, non-ionized form of a basic compound like an alkaloid; unlike its ammonium salts, it is water-insoluble but dissolves in nonpolar solvents.
Free body diagram
A free body diagram, or force diagram, is a drawing of one isolated object with all external forces and moments shown as labeled vector arrows, used to solve statics and dynamics problems.
Free Boolean algebra
A free Boolean algebra is a Boolean algebra generated by a set X so that every function from X to any Boolean algebra extends uniquely to a homomorphism.
Free boundary problem
A free boundary problem is a boundary value problem in which part of the domain's boundary is unknown and must be solved for along with the PDE solution.
Free convolution
Free convolution is a binary operation on probability measures giving the distribution of sums or products of freely independent non-commuting random variables, introduced by Dan-Virgil Voiculescu in 1986.
Free electron model
The free electron model, also called the Drude-Sommerfeld model, treats a metal's conduction electrons as a gas of charged particles moving freely, ignoring their interaction with the lattice.
Free energy perturbation
Free energy perturbation (FEP), introduced by Robert Zwanzig in 1954, is a computational method that estimates free energy differences between molecular states, widely used in drug discovery to compute protein–ligand binding affinities.
Free fall
Free fall is the motion of an object under gravity alone. In a vacuum all objects fall at the same rate, about 9.8 m/s² at Earth's surface.
Free group
A free group is a group whose generators satisfy no relations beyond the group axioms, written F_n for n generators, with rank-1 F_1 the only abelian one.
Free High School Science Texts
Free High School Science Texts, or FHSST, is a South African volunteer project begun at the University of Cape Town in 2002 to write free mathematics, physics, chemistry, and life sciences textbooks.
Free induction decay
Free induction decay (FID) is the damped time-domain signal recorded in pulsed magnetic resonance: after a radio-frequency pulse excites the spins, Fourier transformation converts it into the NMR spectrum.
Free Lie algebra
A free Lie algebra is a Lie algebra on a free generating set, the Lie-algebra analog of a free group, with any map of the generators extending to a homomorphism.
Free logic
Free logic, named by Karel Lambert in 1960, is a family of first-order systems that drops the classical assumption that every singular term denotes an existing object.