42,772 articles
Fused-ring hydrocarbon nomenclature
Fused-ring hydrocarbon nomenclature is the IUPAC system for naming polycyclic hydrocarbons whose rings share bonds, assembling named components into a single fusion name under the 1998 IUPAC recommendations.
Fusion
Fusion is the process in which light atomic nuclei combine to form heavier ones, releasing energy; it powers the sun and is pursued on Earth as a source of commercial electricity.
Fusion gate
A fusion gate is a probabilistic two-qubit entangling measurement used in photonic quantum computing to join small entangled states into larger cluster states, introduced by Browne and Rudolph in 2005.
Fusion hindrance
Fusion hindrance is the unexpected suppression of heavy-ion fusion cross sections well below the Coulomb barrier, where they fall off more steeply than coupled-channels calculations predict.
Fusion ignition
Fusion ignition is the condition where a fusion plasma is heated almost entirely by its own reaction products, first achieved at Lawrence Livermore's National Ignition Facility in 2022.
Fusion plasma diagnostics
Fusion plasma diagnostics are the measurement systems that determine a fusion plasma's properties, such as temperature, density, and fusion power, with ITER's suite covering Thomson scattering, neutron cameras, and bolometry.
Fusion power
Fusion power, also called controlled thermonuclear fusion, is the proposed generation of electricity from controlled nuclear fusion, using deuterium-tritium fuel that requires plasma above 100 million °C and has not yet achieved net electricity.
Fusion rules
Fusion rules are non-negative integers that record how two representations of a chiral algebra, such as a vertex operator algebra, combine, given by dimensions of intertwining operator spaces.
Fusion-based quantum computing
Fusion-based quantum computation (FBQC) is a fault-tolerant quantum computing model, introduced by Sara Bartolucci and colleagues in 2021, in which entangling measurements called fusions build entanglement and extract errors from small resource states; PsiQuantum targets it.
Fusion-based quantum error correction
Fusion-based quantum error correction is the fault-tolerance framework of fusion-based quantum computation, introduced at PsiQuantum in 2021 and built around projective entangling measurements called fusions.
Fusor
A fusor, best known as the Farnsworth-Hirsch fusor, is an inertial electrostatic confinement fusion device conceived by Philo T. Farnsworth in the 1950s and used as a low-cost neutron source, not a power reactor.
Future Circular Collider
The Future Circular Collider (FCC) is a proposed particle collider at CERN, planned in a 91-kilometer tunnel near Geneva to succeed the Large Hadron Collider from the 2040s.
Future evolution of the Solar System
The future evolution of the Solar System is the projected long-term changes to planetary orbits, including Mercury's roughly 1% instability chance and Earth's contested fate.
Future of an expanding universe
The future of an expanding universe, also called the future of the universe, is the set of end states cosmologists consider, decided by dark energy's nature.
Future of Earth
The future of Earth covers the planet's projected evolution across billions of years: near-term warming, a supercontinent in 200 to 250 million years, and eventual destruction by the Sun.
Future of Marine Animal Populations
Future of Marine Animal Populations, or FMAP, was a project of the Census of Marine Life (2000–2010) that statistically modeled ocean biodiversity and the effects of fishing and climate change.
Futures studies
Futures studies, also called futures research, is an interdisciplinary field that analyzes possible, probable, and preferable futures rather than predicting one outcome, using methods like scenario planning and the Delphi method.
Fuzzball (string theory)
In string theory, a fuzzball is a proposed black hole microstate: a horizon-free configuration extending over the horizon scale, proposed by Samir Mathur to resolve the information paradox.
Fuzzy arithmetic
Fuzzy arithmetic is the extension of arithmetic operations from real numbers to fuzzy numbers, used to calculate with non-probabilistic uncertainty such as expert judgment or linguistic scales.
Fuzzy c-means
Fuzzy c-means, also known as fuzzy c-means clustering, is a clustering algorithm that gives every data point a membership degree in each cluster rather than one hard label.
Fuzzy calculus
Fuzzy calculus is the branch of mathematical analysis extending differentiation and integration to fuzzy-number-valued functions, emerging from fuzzy set theory and applied mainly to fuzzy differential equations.
Fuzzy clustering
Fuzzy clustering is a family of clustering methods assigning each point a membership degree between 0 and 1 in every cluster, rather than one hard label.
Fuzzy control system
A fuzzy control system is a control system whose controller uses fuzzy logic and linguistic rules, converting a human operator's heuristic knowledge into automatic control strategy.
Fuzzy dark matter
Fuzzy dark matter, also called wave dark matter, is a proposed form of dark matter made of ultralight particles that behave collectively as a wave, proposed in 2000.
Fuzzy Delphi method
The Fuzzy Delphi method is a consensus-building and forecasting technique that combines the classical Delphi expert survey with fuzzy set theory, letting experts answer with fuzzy numbers; it was first proposed in 1985.
Fuzzy goal programming
Fuzzy goal programming (FGP) is a multi-objective optimization method that treats imprecise targets as fuzzy sets with membership functions, introduced by Ram Narasimhan in 1980.
Fuzzy logic
Fuzzy logic, also called mathematical fuzzy logic, is a form of reasoning that assigns propositions degrees of truth between 0 and 1, introduced by Lotfi A. Zadeh in 1965.
Fuzzy number
A fuzzy number is a fuzzy set on the real line representing an imprecise quantity such as "about 5", formulated by Didier Dubois and Henri Prade in 1978.
Fuzzy programming
Fuzzy programming is a family of optimization methods in operations research that models imprecise objectives and constraints as fuzzy sets, then converts them into solvable crisp programs.
Fuzzy regression
Fuzzy regression is a statistical modeling method that uses fuzzy numbers as coefficients and predictions, intended for small or vague samples where ordinary regression is problematic.