42,772 articles
Gaseous ionization detector
A gaseous ionization detector is a radiation detector that turns ionization in a gas into an electrical signal, including ionization chambers, proportional counters, and Geiger-Müller counters.
Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis
Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis (1792–1843) was a French mathematician and engineer best remembered for the Coriolis force and for coining "work" and describing kinetic energy in mechanics.
Gaston Albert Gohierre de Longchamps
Gaston Albert Gohierre de Longchamps (1842–1906) was a French mathematician and lycée professor of mathématiques spéciales, known for the de Longchamps point of a triangle and for editing mathematics journals.
Gaston Julia
Gaston Julia (1893–1978) was a French mathematician, born in Algeria, who co-founded the theory of iteration of rational functions and is remembered for the fractal Julia sets.
Gastrin-Releasing Peptide
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is a 27-amino-acid neuropeptide of the bombesin family, isolated from porcine stomach tissue in 1978, that stimulates gastrin release and transmits itch signals.
Gate error models and infidelity
A gate error model is a mathematical description, usually a quantum channel, of how a quantum gate deviates from its intended operation, and gate infidelity summarizes that deviation.
Gate opening in flexible metal-organic frameworks
Gate opening is an adsorption-induced structural transition in flexible metal-organic frameworks in which closed pores expand at a threshold pressure, giving stepwise isotherms and enabling selective gas separation.
Gate opening in ZIF-8
Gate opening in ZIF-8, or the swing effect, is a framework-flexibility mechanism in which the 2-methylimidazolate linkers of ZIF-8 swing to widen its 3.4 Å pore windows, admitting molecules like methane.
Gate set tomography
Gate set tomography (GST) is a protocol for characterizing quantum computer gates, estimating state preparations, measurements, and gates together without assuming they are perfectly calibrated.
Gate-induced superconductivity
Gate-induced superconductivity is the induction and continuous tuning of superconductivity by an electric field from a gate electrode, using electric-double-layer and ionic transistors to reach carrier densities beyond chemical doping.
Gate-tunable superconductivity in monolayer MoS2
Gate-tunable superconductivity in monolayer MoS2 is the superconducting state induced in atomically thin molybdenum disulfide by ionic-liquid gating, first demonstrated at the University of Geneva in 2016.
Gate-tunable superconductivity in MoS2
Gate-tunable superconductivity in MoS2 is the induction and continuous control of superconductivity in molybdenum disulfide by electric fields rather than chemical doping, with critical temperatures up to about 11 K.
Gateway belief model
The gateway belief model (GBM) is a dual-process theory of attitude change, proposed in 2015, in which perceived scientific consensus shapes climate beliefs and support for public action.
Gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic developed by Japan's Kyorin Pharmaceutical and marketed as Tequin by Bristol-Myers Squibb; its tablets and injection were withdrawn in 2006 over dysglycemia, while eye drops remain available.
Gattermann reaction
The Gattermann reaction, also called the Gattermann aldehyde synthesis, is an organic reaction that formylates aromatic rings using hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen chloride, and a Lewis acid catalyst.
Gauche effect
The gauche effect is a stereoelectronic phenomenon in organic chemistry where a molecule with adjacent polar bonds, such as 1,2-difluoroethane, adopts a gauche conformation despite the expected anti arrangement.
Gauge boson
A gauge boson is a force-carrying elementary particle that arises from a symmetry of a quantum field theory; the photon, gluon, and W and Z bosons carry forces.
Gauge conditions in numerical relativity
Gauge conditions in numerical relativity fix the coordinate system, through the lapse function and shift vector, in which the Einstein equations are evolved on a computer.
Gauge fixing
Gauge fixing is a procedure in quantum field theory that imposes a condition on the gauge field to remove redundant gauge-equivalent degrees of freedom, using the Faddeev–Popov construction.
Gauge invariance
Gauge invariance is the invariance of a theory's equations and observables under gauge transformations, changes of description like electromagnetic potentials that leave measurable quantities unchanged.
Gauge theory
A gauge theory, or gauge field theory, is a field theory invariant under local transformations; demanding this invariance forces the gauge fields that carry forces into existence.
Gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking
Gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking (GMSB) is a class of supersymmetric models in which Standard Model gauge interactions, rather than gravity, transmit supersymmetry breaking to the observable sector.
Gaurav Bahl
Gaurav Bahl is an experimental physicist and professor at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, a 2022 Optica Fellow who demonstrated the first quantized quadrupole topological insulator.
Gauss map
The Gauss map of an oriented surface in 3D space assigns to each point its unit normal vector on the unit sphere; its differential encodes the surface's curvature.
Gauss sum
A Gauss sum, or Gaussian sum, is a finite sum pairing a multiplicative character with an additive character, studied by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1801.
Gauss–Bonnet gravity
Gauss–Bonnet gravity is an extension of general relativity adding the Gauss–Bonnet curvature invariant to the Einstein–Hilbert action; it is ghost-free and arises in string theory.
Gauss–Bonnet theorem
The Gauss–Bonnet theorem is a differential geometry result stating that a compact orientable surface's total Gaussian curvature equals 2π times its Euler characteristic, connecting local curvature with global topology.
Gauss–Newton algorithm
The Gauss–Newton algorithm, or Gauss–Newton method, is an iterative method for minimizing nonlinear least squares problems, solving a linear least squares step each iteration without second derivatives.
Gauss–Seidel method
The Gauss–Seidel method is an iterative method for solving linear systems, a refinement of the Jacobi method described by Ludwig Seidel in 1874 and named for him and Carl Friedrich Gauss.
Gauss's law
Gauss's law, also called Gauss's flux theorem, is a law of electromagnetism stating that the electric flux through any closed surface equals the enclosed charge divided by the permittivity of free space.