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Giacinto Morera
Giacinto Morera (1856–1909) was an Italian mathematician and rational mechanician, professor at Genoa and Turin, known for Morera's theorem, a converse of Cauchy's integral theorem published in 1886.
Giacinto Scoles
Giacinto Scoles (1935–2024) was an Italian-born physical chemist who pioneered molecular beams, cryogenic bolometer detectors, and helium nanodroplet spectroscopy, and was Donner Professor of Science at Princeton from 1987.
Giacomo Albanese
Giacomo Albanese (1890–1947) was an Italian mathematician whose work on algebraic correspondences between surfaces led André Weil to name the Albanese variety after him; he held chairs at Catania, Palermo, Pisa, and São Paulo.
Giacomo Ciamician
Giacomo Luigi Ciamician (1857–1922) was an Italian chemist of Armenian descent who founded organic photochemistry at Bologna, working with Paul Silber, and predicted a solar-powered civilization in 1912.
Giacopo Belgrado
Giacopo Belgrado (1704–1789) was an Italian Jesuit mathematician and experimental physicist, court mathematician to Duke Philip of Bourbon-Parma, who founded the astronomical observatory of Parma in 1757.
Gian Carlo Wick
Gian Carlo Wick (1909–1992) was an Italian theoretical physicist, born and died in Turin, whose 1950 Wick theorem made practical perturbative calculations in quantum field theory possible.
Gian Francesco Giudice
Gian Francesco Giudice, born in Padua in 1961, is an Italian theoretical physicist who heads the Theoretical Physics Department at CERN and is known for work on supersymmetry and naturalness.
Gian-Carlo Rota
Gian-Carlo Rota (1932–1999) was an Italian-born mathematician and philosopher at MIT, the only professor there of both applied mathematics and philosophy, known for making combinatorics mainstream.
Giancarlo Ghirardi
Giancarlo Ghirardi (1935–2018) was an Italian theoretical physicist who taught for 42 years at the University of Trieste and co-authored the GRW model, in which wave functions collapse spontaneously.
Gianfranco Pacchioni
Gianfranco Pacchioni is an Italian theoretical chemist and full professor at the University of Milano-Bicocca whose computational work on oxide surfaces and supported metal atoms anticipated single-atom catalysis.
Gianluca Iaccarino
Gianluca Iaccarino is an Italian mechanical engineer who holds the Robert Bosch Chair at Stanford University, specializing in predictive simulation of complex flows and uncertainty quantification.
Gianluigi Ciovati
Gianluigi Ciovati is an accelerator physicist at Jefferson Lab who studies superconducting radiofrequency cavities, received a 2009 PECASE award, and designs compact accelerators for cleaning wastewater.
Giant Arc (large-scale structure)
The Giant Arc is a proposed large-scale structure of galaxies, clusters, and gas spanning about 1 gigaparsec, reported in 2021 and seen at redshift 0.8.
Giant component
A giant component is a connected subgraph of a random graph that contains a constant fraction of all vertices, its size growing in proportion to the graph itself.
Giant dipole resonance
The giant dipole resonance is a collective excitation of atomic nuclei in which protons and neutrons oscillate against each other, peaking at 10 to 30 MeV.
Giant Magellan Telescope
The Giant Magellan Telescope is a 25.4-meter optical and infrared telescope under construction at Las Campanas Observatory in Chile's Atacama Desert, with seven 8.4-meter mirrors.
Giant magnetoresistance
Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) is a large change in electrical resistance when a magnetic field aligns nanoscale ferromagnetic layers, discovered independently in 1988 by Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg.
Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope
The Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) is a radio interferometric array of thirty 45-meter dishes near Pune, India, proposed by Govind Swarup and operational since 1995.
Giant monopole resonance
The giant monopole resonance (GMR), or breathing mode, is a nuclear vibration in which protons and neutrons oscillate in phase, and its energy reveals nuclear incompressibility.
Giant planet
A giant planet, or Jovian planet, is a massive planet made mainly of gases and fluids with no solid surface, such as Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
Giant quantum dots
Giant-shell quantum dots (gQDs, also written g-CSQD) are colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals with a light-emitting core under a very thick shell, typically over 10 monolayers, which suppresses blinking and photobleaching.
Giant star
A giant star is a star that becomes unusually large and luminous late in its life, after core hydrogen exhaustion; in the Morgan-Keenan system it is luminosity class III.
Giant-impact hypothesis
The giant-impact hypothesis, also called the Big Whack, holds that the Moon formed from debris ejected when a Mars-sized body called Theia struck young Earth roughly 4.5 billion years ago.
Gibberellic acid
Gibberellic acid (GA₃) is a plant hormone in the gibberellin family, isolated from the rice fungus Gibberella fujikuroi and used to promote germination and stem growth.
Gibbons–Hawking temperature
The Gibbons–Hawking temperature is the thermal radiation temperature produced by the cosmological event horizon of an expanding de Sitter universe, equal to H/(2π), shown by Gibbons and Hawking in 1977.
Gibbons–Hawking–York boundary term
The Gibbons–Hawking–York (GHY) boundary term is a surface integral added to the Einstein–Hilbert action, identified by York in 1972, that makes the variational principle of general relativity well posed.
Gibbs energy minimization
Gibbs energy minimization is a computational method for finding the equilibrium composition of a chemical or multiphase system by minimizing total Gibbs free energy under element conservation constraints.
Gibbs energy of activation
The Gibbs energy of activation, ΔG‡, is the standard Gibbs energy difference between the transition state and the reactants; a larger barrier means a slower reaction.
Gibbs energy of mixing
The Gibbs energy of mixing is the change in Gibbs energy when pure substances combine to form a mixture at constant temperature and pressure, deciding whether mixing is spontaneous.
Gibbs free energy
Gibbs free energy, or Gibbs energy, is a thermodynamic state function, G = H − TS, whose change at constant temperature and pressure determines whether a process is spontaneous.