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Inorganic compound
An inorganic compound is a chemical compound composed principally of elements other than carbon; carbonates, cyanides, and carbon dioxide contain carbon but are classified as inorganic by convention.
Inosine
Inosine is a purine nucleoside formed by deamination of adenosine; it is an intermediate in purine degradation to uric acid and appears in certain transfer RNAs.
Inositol
Inositol is a cyclic sugar alcohol, C₆H₁₂O₆, with nine stereoisomers; its main form, myo-inositol, occurs in all cell membranes and is synthesized mainly in the kidney.
Inrush current
Inrush current, also called input surge current, is the momentarily large current drawn by an electrical device when power is first applied, often several times its steady-state current.
InSAR
InSAR, or Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar, is a radar remote-sensing technique combining SAR images of the same area to measure millimeter-to-centimeter ground surface deformation and derive topography.
InSAR time series analysis
InSAR time series analysis is a geodetic method that measures millimeter-scale ground displacement over time from stacks of radar images, monitoring volcanoes, subsidence, and tectonic deformation.
Insertion device
An insertion device is an array of alternating-polarity magnets in a synchrotron or free-electron laser that forces electrons onto a zigzag path, generating radiation far more intense than bending magnets.
Insertion reaction
An insertion reaction is a chemical reaction in which an atom or group inserts into a single bond, converting one bond into two, as with carbenes and CO.
Insertion sort
Insertion sort, or linear insertion sort, is a stable comparison sorting algorithm that inserts each element into place among the sorted part, fast on nearly sorted data.
Inside-out galaxy growth
Inside-out galaxy growth is the pattern in which a galaxy's inner regions form stars and build mass earlier than its outer regions, so the star-forming front migrates outward over cosmic time.
Inside-out quenching
Inside-out quenching is a mode of galaxy evolution in which star formation shuts down first in a galaxy's central regions and later in its outer disk.
Insolation
Insolation is the amount of incoming solar radiation received by a surface or region over a given time, measured as irradiance in watts per square meter.
Inspec
Inspec, also known as Physics and Science Abstracts. Section A, is a bibliographic database of physics, electrical engineering, and computing literature produced by the IET since 1898.
Inspiral
An inspiral is the tightening orbital phase before two neutron stars or black holes merge, as the binary loses orbital energy to gravitational waves that chirp upward in frequency.
INSPIRE-HEP
INSPIRE-HEP, commonly called INSPIRE, is a bibliographic database for high energy physics run by a collaboration of major laboratories including CERN, DESY, and Fermilab, successor to SPIRES-HEP.
Instability strip
The instability strip, also known as the Cepheid instability strip, is a nearly vertical band of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, from about 3000 to 8000 K, where stars pulsate.
Instant camera
An instant camera, also known as a Polaroid camera, develops its own film into a finished print minutes after the shot, a process Edwin Land introduced in 1948.
Instant center of rotation
The instant center of rotation, also called the instantaneous center of zero velocity, is the point in a planar-moving body with zero velocity, about which the body appears to rotate.
Instant messaging interview
An instant messaging interview is a qualitative research interview conducted by typing back and forth with a participant in real time, suited to sensitive subjects and producing a live transcript.
Instantaneous center of rotation
The instantaneous center of rotation, also called the instantaneous center of zero velocity, is the point of a rigid body in planar motion with zero velocity at a given instant.
Instantaneous unit hydrograph
The instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH) is the theoretical runoff response of a watershed to a unit depth of excess rainfall applied instantaneously, proposed by J. E. Nash in 1957.
Instanton
An instanton is a localized, finite-action classical solution of the Euclidean Yang–Mills field equations, describing quantum tunneling between topologically distinct vacua; it was first found in 1975.
Institut Curie
Institut Curie is a French foundation for cancer research and treatment in Paris, originating from the Institut du Radium created under Marie Curie in 1909.
Institut de Botanique
Institut de Botanique: name of French university botanical institutes, chiefly Strasbourg (28 rue Goethe, 1882 building, herbarium, botanical garden) and Montpellier (Flahault, 1890; rebuilt 1959; Monument historique 2019).
Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques
The Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHES) is an independent French research institute in Bures-sur-Yvette near Paris, founded in 1958 by Léon Motchane for mathematics and theoretical physics.
Institut Laue-Langevin
The Institut Laue-Langevin is an international research institute in Grenoble, France, founded in 1967 by France and West Germany, operating the world's most intense continuous neutron source.
Institute for High Energy Physics (Protvino)
The Institute for High Energy Physics is Russia's national particle-physics laboratory at Protvino, home of the U-70 proton synchrotron, a world energy record holder in 1967.
Institute for Laboratory Animal Research
The Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR), a National Academies program founded in 1953, set standards for animal care in research, including the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.
Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information
The Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) is a quantum research institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, founded in 2003 with sites in Innsbruck and Vienna.
Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics
The Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP) is a research institute in Moscow founded in 1945 under the Soviet atomic project, known for its synchrotron and proton therapy.