42,772 articles
Institute of Combinatorics and its Applications
The Institute of Combinatorics and its Applications is an international scholarly society founded in 1990 by Ralph Stanton, publishing the Bulletin of the Institute since 1991.
Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
The Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国科学院计算技术研究所) is a computer science research institute in Beijing, founded in 1956 as China's first specialized computer research institution.
Institute of High Energy Physics (Chinese Academy of Sciences)
The Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP; 中国科学院高能物理研究所) is a research institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing and China's biggest particle physics laboratory, founded in 1973.
Institute of Mathematics and its Applications
The Institute of Mathematics and its Applications (IMA), founded in 1964, is a UK professional society for mathematicians and the only awarder of the Chartered Mathematician designation.
Institute of Ocean Sciences (Canada)
The Institute of Ocean Sciences is a Fisheries and Oceans Canada research facility in Sidney, British Columbia, a Pacific coast center for ocean science and hydrography since 1979.
Institute of Physics
The Institute of Physics (IOP) is the professional body and learned society for physics in the United Kingdom and Ireland, representing about 21,000 members and accrediting physics degrees.
Institute of Physics Awards
The Institute of Physics Awards, including the Kelvin Medal and Harrie Massey Medal, are annual medals and prizes given by the Institute of Physics to physicists, teachers, and businesses.
Instituto de Tecnologia Quimica
The Instituto de Tecnología Química (ITQ) is a Spanish catalysis research center in Valencia, created in 1990 as a joint center of CSIC and the Universitat Politècnica de València.
Instrumental neutron activation analysis
Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) is a non-destructive nuclear analytical technique that determines elemental composition by irradiating a sample with neutrons and measuring the gamma rays emitted.
Instrumental variables analysis
Instrumental variables analysis is a statistical method for estimating causal effects from observational data, using an instrument that shifts the exposure but has no other route to the outcome.
Instrumentalism
Instrumentalism is a position in the philosophy of science according to which scientific theories are instruments for predicting observable phenomena rather than literal descriptions of reality.
Instrumentation
Instrumentation is the collective term for measuring instruments used to indicate, measure, and record physical quantities, and the science of applying such devices to determine and control quantities within specified limits.
Instrumentation amplifier
An instrumentation amplifier, or in-amp, is a differential amplifier with high input impedance and common-mode rejection, typically built from three op amps and used in sensors, data acquisition, and patient monitoring.
Insulated glazing
Insulated glazing, or double glazing, is a window construction of two or more sealed panes of glass with an insulating air or gas space between them, halving heat loss.
Insulin lispro
Insulin lispro, marketed by Eli Lilly as Humalog, is a rapid-acting insulin analog first approved in the United States in 1996, absorbed faster than regular human insulin.
Insung S. Choi
Insung S. Choi (최인성) is a South Korean chemist and KAIST professor working in biomimetic chemistry, known for founding single-cell nanoencapsulation of living cells in artificial shells.
Integer
An integer, also called an integer number, is a whole number that may be positive, negative, or zero, and the set ℤ is closed under addition, subtraction, and multiplication.
Integer ambiguity resolution
Integer ambiguity resolution (IAR) is the estimation of unknown carrier-phase cycle-count ambiguities as integers, enabling precise GNSS positioning; methods include rounding, bootstrapping, and the LAMBDA method introduced in 1993.
Integer factorization
Integer factorization, also called prime factorization, is the problem of decomposing a composite integer into smaller factors, best known as the basis of RSA cryptography.
Integer overflow
Integer overflow, also called bit overflow, is the condition where an arithmetic operation on a fixed-width integer produces a result the type cannot represent, potentially causing memory-safety vulnerabilities.
Integer quadratic programming
Integer quadratic programming (IQP) is an optimization method that minimizes a quadratic objective over integer variables subject to constraints, and is NP-hard even in two variables.
Integrable system
An integrable system is a dynamical system, typically Hamiltonian, that has enough independent conserved quantities in involution to be solved exactly by Liouville's criterion, with the Kepler problem and spinning tops as classical examples.
Integral
An integral, also called integral calculus, is a fundamental object of calculus assigning a function over an interval a number, the net signed area under its graph.
Integral basis
An integral basis of a number field K of degree n is a set of n algebraic integers that spans the ring of integers as a free module over the integers.
Integral domain
An integral domain, also called an entire ring, is a commutative ring in which ab = 0 forces a = 0 or b = 0; the integers are the standard example.
Integral element
An integral element of a ring S over a base ring R satisfies a monic polynomial with coefficients in R, generalizing algebraic elements of field extensions.
Integral field spectroscopy
Integral field spectroscopy (IFS) is an astronomical technique that records a spectrum for every position in a two-dimensional field at once, producing a data cube used to map galaxies.
Integral membrane protein
An integral membrane protein, also known as an integral protein, is a protein permanently embedded in a biological membrane, usually spanning the lipid bilayer to perform transport, signaling, and adhesion.
Integral symbol
The integral symbol ∫, also called the integral sign, is the mathematical symbol for integration, introduced by Leibniz in 1675 as a long S for summa.
Integral transform
An integral transform converts a function of one variable into another by integrating against a fixed two-variable kernel, turning differential equations into algebraic ones that are easier to solve.