42,772 articles
Intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy
Intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) is an electrochemical technique that measures the frequency-dependent photocurrent response of semiconductor electrodes and photovoltaic devices to modulated light, separating charge transfer from recombination.
Intensive and extensive properties
Intensive and extensive properties are the two classes of thermodynamic properties: intensive ones like temperature do not depend on system size, while extensive ones like volume do.
Intention-to-treat analysis
Intention-to-treat analysis is a method for analyzing randomized controlled trials in which every participant is analyzed in the group they were randomized to, regardless of treatment received.
Inter-rater reliability
Inter-rater reliability, also called inter-rater agreement, is the degree to which two or more raters rating the same subjects agree, often measured with Cohen's kappa.
Inter-universal Teichmüller theory
Inter-universal Teichmüller theory (IUT) is a mathematical framework developed by Shinichi Mochizuki at Kyoto University and released in 2012, claiming a proof of the abc conjecture that remains disputed.
Interacting boson model
The interacting boson model (IBM) is a nuclear structure model created in 1974 by Francesco Iachello and Akito Arima, describing collective nuclear excitations as interacting boson pairs.
Interaction
In physics, an interaction is a fundamental force through which particles influence one another; the Standard Model describes the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions, with gravity excluded.
Interaction (statistics)
In statistics, an interaction, also called an interaction effect, occurs when the effect of one variable on an outcome depends on the level of another.
Interaction nets
Interaction nets are a graphical model of computation, introduced by Yves Lafont in 1990, where computation is local rewriting of agents connected by wires, generalizing proof nets.
Interaction of two metal-oxo (I2M) mechanism
The interaction of two metal-oxo (I2M) mechanism is a water oxidation pathway in which two metal–oxo units couple to an M–O–O–M peroxide that releases O2, contrasting with water nucleophilic attack.
Interaction picture
The interaction picture, also called the Dirac picture, is a formulation of quantum dynamics where states evolve under the perturbation and operators under the solvable part.
Interaction testing (statistics)
Interaction testing in statistics determines whether the effect of one variable on an outcome depends on the level of another, usually via a product term in regression.
Interactive proof system
An interactive proof system is a protocol in which a computationally limited verifier checks a mathematical statement via randomized back-and-forth messages with an all-powerful prover.
Interatomic Coulombic decay
Interatomic Coulombic decay (ICD) is a nonlocal electronic decay process in which an excited atom or molecule ionizes a neighboring one, emitting a low-energy electron.
Intercalary month
An intercalary month is an extra month inserted into lunisolar calendars to keep lunar months aligned with the seasons, typically seven times in a 19-year Metonic cycle.
Intercalation (chemistry)
Intercalation is a reversible chemical reaction in which a guest species inserts into a layered host without major structural change; it underlies the lithium-ion battery's graphite anode.
Intercalation (timekeeping)
Intercalation, also known as calendrical intercalation, is the insertion of an extra day or month into a calendar, such as a leap day, to keep it aligned with the seasons.
Intercalation compound
An intercalation compound is a material formed when guest species such as ions are reversibly inserted into a crystalline host lattice; the mechanism underlies Li-ion battery electrodes.
Intercept cross-lagged panel model
The intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) is a structural equation model proposed by Hamaker, Kuiper, and Grasman in 2015 that separates stable between-person differences from within-person lagged effects.
Intercept method
The intercept method, also called the Marcq Saint Hilaire method, is a celestial navigation technique that turns one altitude observation into a line of position.
Interchange instability
The interchange instability, also called the flute instability, is a magnetohydrodynamic instability in which plasma flux tubes exchange positions under pressure gradients and bad field-line curvature.
Interesterification
Interesterification is a process that redistributes fatty acyl groups within triacylglycerols to change melting and crystallization properties, though the fatty acid composition remains unchanged.
Interface conditions for electromagnetic fields
Interface conditions for electromagnetic fields, also called electromagnetic boundary conditions, are the rules electric and magnetic fields obey at the boundary between two different media.
Interface ferromagnetism at LaAlO3/SrTiO3
Interface ferromagnetism at LaAlO3/SrTiO3 is magnetic ordering in the two-dimensional electron system formed where the two non-magnetic insulators lanthanum aluminate and strontium titanate meet, coexisting with superconductivity below 300 mK.
Interface superconductivity
Interface superconductivity is superconductivity that appears at, or is strengthened by, the boundary between two materials, seen in oxide interfaces and in monolayer FeSe on SrTiO₃.
Interfacial ferroelectricity
Interfacial ferroelectricity produces spontaneous, reversible electric polarization through charge transfer between stacked van der Waals layers, seen in sliding bilayers like WTe2 and twisted boron nitride.
Interfacial polymerization
Interfacial polymerization, also called interfacial polycondensation, is a self-limiting step-growth polymerization at the interface of two immiscible liquids, used to make polyamide reverse-osmosis membranes, microcapsules, and nylon thread.
Interfacial rheology
Interfacial rheology is the study of the deformation of fluid-fluid interfaces, such as gas-liquid boundaries, under stress, split into shear and dilatational modes and key to emulsion and foam stability.
Interfacial synthesis
Interfacial synthesis is a chemical method that carries out reactions at the boundary between two immiscible phases, such as water and an organic solvent, to make polymers and membranes.
Interfacial water layering
Interfacial water layering is the organization of water molecules into discrete density layers parallel to a surface, seen as oscillating density peaks within about 1 to 2 nm.