42,772 articles
IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's most recent comprehensive assessment of climate change science, impacts, and mitigation, completed in 2023.
IPhO syllabus and medal-threshold methodology
The IPhO syllabus lists the physics topics allowed in International Physics Olympiad exams, while the medal-threshold methodology converts scores into gold, silver, and bronze cut-offs.
IPOPT
IPOPT, short for Interior Point OPTimizer, is an open-source software library for large-scale nonlinear optimization of continuous systems, developed under COIN-OR since 2002 by Andreas Wächter and Carl Laird.
IPSL-CM
IPSL-CM is a family of coupled climate and Earth system models developed by the Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace in Paris, contributing to CMIP3, CMIP6, and IPCC reports.
IQ and the Wealth of Nations
IQ and the Wealth of Nations is a 2002 book by Richard Lynn and Tatu Vanhanen arguing that national IQ differences explain much of the gap between rich and poor countries.
IQ classification
IQ classification, also called intelligent quotient classification, labels IQ score ranges with names like "average" or "superior", on a scale with a mean of 100 and standard deviation of 15.
Ira A. Weinstock
Ira A. Weinstock is an American-born inorganic chemist and full professor at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, known for polyoxometalate cluster chemistry, green oxidation catalysis, and water oxidation research.
Ira B. Bernstein
Ira B. Bernstein was an American theoretical plasma physicist at Yale who discovered the Bernstein wave and was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1984.
Ira Remsen
Ira Remsen (1846–1927) was an American chemist who codiscovered saccharin in 1879, founded the chemistry department at Johns Hopkins University, and later served as its president from 1901 to 1913.
Ira S. Bowen
Ira S. Bowen was an American astrophysicist at Caltech who solved the nebulium mystery in 1927 and directed the Mount Wilson and Palomar Observatories from 1948 to 1964.
Iranian calendars (گاهشماری ایرانی)
The Iranian calendars (گاهشماری ایرانی), also called the Persian calendars, are the solar calendar systems of Iran, from the Zoroastrian calendar to the modern Solar Hijri calendar.
IRAS 16293-2422
IRAS 16293-2422 is a low-mass Class 0 protostellar system in the $ ho$ Ophiuchus cloud, noted for its rich organic chemistry and detections of molecules like glycolaldehyde.
IRC +10011
IRC +10011, also known as CIT3 and WX Psc, is an oxygen-rich Mira variable near the end of its AGB evolution, hidden by a thick dust shell.
IRC +10216
IRC +10216, also known as CW Leonis, is the dust envelope of a carbon-rich AGB star, discovered in 1969 as one of the brightest infrared sources.
IRC +10420
IRC +10420, also cataloged as V1302 Aquilae, is a yellow hypergiant star in Aquila, one of the brightest infrared sources in the sky, evolving after a red-supergiant stage.
Irene A. Chen
Irene A. Chen is an American chemical biologist and professor at UCLA who studies the origin of life, protocells, and bacteriophages, known for her 2004 Science paper on competition between model protocells.
Irene Fischer
Irene Fischer was an Austrian-born American geodesist who fled Vienna in 1939, led the Army Map Service geoid branch, and created the Fischer 1960 ellipsoid used by NASA.
Irène Joliot-Curie
Irène Joliot-Curie, also Irène Curie, was a French physicist and chemist who discovered artificial radioactivity with her husband Frédéric Joliot, winning the 1935 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Irene Neumann
Irene Neumann is a German mathematics and physics education researcher at IPN Kiel, leading research on Nature of Science understanding and mathematical prerequisites for STEM study; distinct from politician Irene Neumann-Hartberger.
Iridate
An iridate is a compound oxide of iridium, studied in condensed matter physics for 5d perovskites whose bandwidth, Coulomb interaction, and spin-orbit coupling produce unusual insulating states.
Iridescence
Iridescence, also called goniochromism, is a form of structural color in which surfaces shift hue with the viewing angle, as in soap bubbles, oil slicks, opals, and peacock feathers.
Iridium
Iridium is a hard, silvery-white platinum-group metal, the most corrosion-resistant element known, discovered in 1803 and famous for the asteroid-impact layer marking the dinosaur extinction.
Iridium dissolution during acidic oxygen evolution
Iridium dissolution during acidic oxygen evolution is the loss of iridium atoms from the anode catalyst during acidic oxygen evolution, the main degradation mechanism in PEM water electrolysis.
Iridium tetroxide
Iridium tetroxide, [IrO4]+, is a gas-phase iridium oxide cation in which iridium reaches oxidation state IX, the highest experimentally identified for any element, reported in 2014.
Iridium-192
Iridium-192 (Ir-192) is a manmade radioactive isotope of iridium with a half-life of 73.83 days, used as a gamma-ray source in cancer brachytherapy and weld inspection.
Iridium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation
Iridium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation adds hydrogen gas across unsaturated bonds using chiral iridium complexes so one enantiomer forms preferentially, best suited to unfunctionalized olefins that rhodium- and ruthenium-based catalysts handle poorly.
Iridium-catalyzed C–H borylation of heteroarenes
Iridium-catalyzed C–H borylation of heteroarenes is a reaction where an iridium catalyst converts C–H bonds on heteroaromatic rings like pyridine and thiophene into boronate esters, used in late-stage functionalization of drug-like heterocycles.
Iridium-catalyzed C–H borylation of unactivated alkanes
Iridium-catalyzed C–H borylation of unactivated alkanes is an undirected reaction that selectively borylates terminal methyl C–H bonds, reported by John F. Hartwig's group in 2015.
Iridium-catalyzed enantioselective C–H borylation
Iridium-catalyzed enantioselective C–H borylation is an asymmetric catalytic method using chiral iridium complexes to replace C–H bonds with C–B bonds, first reported in 2017 by Su, Shi, and Hartwig.
Iridium-catalyzed undirected C–H borylation
Iridium-catalyzed undirected C–H borylation is a homogeneous catalytic reaction that converts aromatic C–H bonds to C–B bonds with no directing group, first reported in 1999.