42,772 articles
LAMMPS
LAMMPS (Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator) is an open-source molecular dynamics code developed at Sandia National Laboratories that models interacting particles in liquids, solids, and gases, from single atoms up to billions.
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, founded in 1949 on a Hudson River estate in Palisades, New York, is Columbia University's Earth science research center, known for seafloor mapping that laid the groundwork for plate tectonics.
Lamport timestamp
A Lamport timestamp is a logical clock value ordering events in a distributed system so causally related events receive increasing timestamps, introduced by Leslie Lamport in 1978.
Lamproite
Lamproite is a rare ultrapotassic alkaline igneous rock derived from metasomatized lithospheric mantle, one of two rock types hosting economic primary diamonds, recognized after the Argyle discovery in 1979.
Lan Yang
Lan Yang is an electrical engineer and Edwin H. and Florence G. Skinner Professor at Washington University in St. Louis, working in nanophotonics and plasmonics.
Lance Formation
The Lance Formation is a Late Cretaceous rock unit in Wyoming, named for Lance Creek and famous for preserving some of the last dinosaurs before the K–Pg extinction.
Lanchester's laws
Lanchester's laws, or the Lanchester equations, are mathematical models of combat attrition proposed by Frederick Lanchester in 1916, with a square law for aimed fire and a linear law for duels.
Lanczos algorithm
The Lanczos algorithm, also called the Lanczos method, is an iterative method introduced by Cornelius Lanczos in 1950 for finding extreme eigenvalues of large sparse symmetric matrices.
Land breeze
A land breeze, also called an offshore breeze, is a coastal wind at night that blows from land toward sea as the land cools faster than water.
Land cover change detection
Land cover change detection is a remote sensing method that identifies differences in the land surface, such as deforestation or urbanization, by comparing images from different dates.
Land surface scheme
A land surface scheme, also called a land surface model, is the component of atmospheric and climate models that simulates heat, water, and carbon exchange between land and atmosphere.
Landau damping
Landau damping is the exponential damping of a plasma wave in a collisionless plasma, predicted by Lev Landau in 1946 through energy transfer to resonant particles.
Landau level spectroscopy
Landau level spectroscopy is a family of experimental techniques that probes electrons in quantizing magnetic fields, often optically, to reveal a solid's electronic band structure.
Landau pole
The Landau pole, also called the Landau ghost, is the energy scale at which a quantum field theory's coupling constant diverges in perturbation theory, as in QED.
Landau theory
Landau theory is a phenomenological framework for phase transitions, introduced by Lev Landau, in which the free energy is expanded as a power series in an order parameter.
Landau–Lifshitz equation
The Landau–Lifshitz equation is a differential equation describing the time evolution of magnetization in ferromagnets via precession and damping, proposed in 1935 and central to micromagnetism.
Landau–Zener formula
The Landau–Zener formula, or Landau–Zener tunneling, gives the probability of a nonadiabatic transition when a quantum two-level system is swept through an avoided crossing of its energy levels.
Landau–Zener transition
The Landau–Zener transition is the nonadiabatic transition between two quantum energy levels at an avoided crossing, solved in 1932 by Landau, Zener, Stückelberg, and Majorana.
Landau's problems
Landau's problems, or Landau's conjectures, are four unsolved statements about prime numbers, named by Edmund Landau at the 1912 International Congress of Mathematicians in Cambridge as unattackable.
Landauer principle
The Landauer principle, formulated by Rolf Landauer at IBM in 1961, states that erasing one bit of information dissipates at least kT ln 2 of heat.
Landauer–Büttiker formalism
The Landauer–Büttiker formalism, also known as Landauer's formula, is a scattering-theory method of quantum transport that expresses conductance through electron transmission probabilities, extended by Büttiker to multi-terminal conductors.
Landform
A landform, also called a terrain feature or physical feature, is a natural surface feature such as a mountain, valley, plateau, or delta, studied by geomorphology.
Landmark analysis
Landmark analysis is a survival-analysis method that estimates survival or treatment effect after a fixed landmark time, correcting the immortal time bias in responder comparisons.
Landolt-Börnstein
Landolt-Börnstein is a large Springer collection of critically evaluated numerical data in physics, chemistry, and materials science, first published in 1883 and named after its founders.
Landscape evolution model
A landscape evolution model is a numerical simulation that evolves terrain through time by solving equations for erosion, sediment transport, and tectonic uplift, outputting topography, sediment fluxes, and drainage networks.
Landslide
A landslide, also called a land slip, is the movement of rock, debris, or earth down a slope under gravity, ranging from slow creep to fast debris flows.
Landweber iteration
Landweber iteration is a gradient-descent method for solving ill-posed linear inverse problems, introduced by Louis Landweber in 1951 and used in image deblurring and tomography.
Lane–Emden equation
The Lane–Emden equation, also called the polytropic differential equation, is a second-order nonlinear equation describing the density profile of self-gravitating polytropic gas spheres, first studied by Jonathan Homer Lane in 1870.
Langbeinite
Langbeinite, also known as K-Mag, is a rare potassium magnesium sulfate mineral, K₂Mg₂(SO₄)₃, mined near Carlsbad, New Mexico, chiefly as a chloride-free fertilizer supplying potassium, magnesium, and sulfur.
Langevin algorithm
The Langevin algorithm is a Markov chain Monte Carlo method that samples a probability distribution by following the gradient of its log-density with added Gaussian noise.