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Langevin dynamics
Langevin dynamics describes motion with Newton's equations augmented by friction and a random force, so the system exchanges energy with a heat bath at a chosen temperature.
Langevin equation
The Langevin equation is a stochastic differential equation describing a particle under friction and a random fluctuating force, introduced by Paul Langevin in 1908 to describe Brownian motion.
Langhian
The Langhian is a geologic stage of the Miocene epoch spanning 15.98 to 13.82 million years ago, named by Lorenzo Pareto in 1865 after the Langhe hills of Piedmont, Italy.
Langlands dual group
The Langlands dual group of a reductive group G, introduced by Robert Langlands in the late 1960s, is the reductive group obtained by exchanging characters with cocharacters and roots with coroots.
Langlands program
The Langlands program, also known as the Langlands conjectures, is a collection of conjectures proposed by Robert Langlands in 1967 linking Galois representations and automorphic forms.
Langlands–Shahidi method
The Langlands–Shahidi method is a technique in automorphic forms that proves analytic continuation and functional equations for automorphic L-functions by studying constant terms of Eisenstein series.
Langley (unit)
The langley (Ly) is a non-SI unit of radiant energy per area, one gram-calorie per square centimeter, named in 1947 for Samuel Pierpont Langley and formerly standard for solar radiation.
Langmuir adsorption model
The Langmuir adsorption model, or Langmuir isotherm, describes how much of a solid surface is covered by an adsorbed gas at constant temperature, developed by Irving Langmuir in 1916.
Langmuir circulation
Langmuir circulation is a wind-driven pattern of counter-rotating vortices in lakes and the ocean, visible at the surface as parallel streaks of foam called windrows.
Langmuir monolayer technique
The Langmuir monolayer technique spreads one molecular layer of an insoluble amphiphilic substance on water and compresses it between barriers in a Langmuir trough, measuring surface pressure–area isotherms.
Langmuir probe
A Langmuir probe is a plasma diagnostic using a biased electrode whose current-voltage characteristic yields electron temperature, density, and plasma potential, first reported in 1924.
Langmuir wave
A Langmuir wave, also called an electron plasma wave, is a longitudinal electrostatic oscillation of plasma electrons, named after Irving Langmuir, who described the oscillations with Lewi Tonks in 1929.
Langmuir–Blodgett assembly
Langmuir–Blodgett assembly is a thin-film deposition method that transfers monolayers of amphiphilic molecules from an air–water interface onto a solid substrate, layer by layer, producing ordered films with molecular-level precision.
Langmuir–Blodgett film
A Langmuir–Blodgett film is an ultrathin film of molecular monolayers transferred from an air–water interface onto a solid substrate, a method developed by Irving Langmuir and Katharine Blodgett.
Langton's ant
Langton's ant is a two-dimensional cellular automaton invented by Christopher G. Langton in 1986, in which an ant following two simple rules builds an endless diagonal highway after about 10,000 chaotic steps.
Language competition and shift dynamics
Language competition and shift dynamics are mathematical models, borrowed from ecology, that describe how speakers switch between languages and how one language declines or drives another to extinction.
Laniakea Supercluster
Laniakea Supercluster, the supercluster of galaxies containing the Milky Way, was defined in 2014 as the region where galaxy motions flow toward a common gravitational center.
Lantern clock
A lantern clock is a weight-driven brass wall clock made in England from about 1600, first made in London, with an open four-pillared frame and a bell on top.
Lantern Festival
The Lantern Festival (元宵节, yuán xiāo jié) is a Chinese holiday on the 15th day of the first lunar month, closing the Lunar New Year period.
Lanthanide
The lanthanides, also called lanthanoids, are the fifteen metallic elements with atomic numbers 57 through 71, from lanthanum to lutetium, part of the rare earths.
Lanthanide contraction
The lanthanide contraction is the steady decrease in atomic and ionic radii of the lanthanide elements from lanthanum to lutetium, caused by poor shielding by 4f electrons.
Lanthanide curtain
A lanthanide curtain is a lanthanide-rich, neutron-rich ejecta layer surrounding a kilonova that absorbs blue optical light and redirects the observable emission into redder bands, depending on viewing angle.
Lanthanide single-molecule magnets
Lanthanide single-molecule magnets are coordination complexes of trivalent lanthanide ions that retain magnetization after an external field is removed, led by dysprosium and terbium complexes.
Lanthanum
Lanthanum is a soft, silvery-white metallic element with atomic number 57, the first of the lanthanide series, discovered by Carl Gustav Mosander in Sweden in 1839.
Lanthanum aluminate
Lanthanum aluminate (LaAlO3) is a perovskite-structure oxide ceramic of lanthanum, aluminum, and oxygen, used as a substrate and gate dielectric; its interface with SrTiO3 hosts a two-dimensional electron liquid with superconducting and magnetic phases.
Lanthanum aluminate-strontium titanate interface
The lanthanum aluminate-strontium titanate interface (LAO/STO) is the boundary between two insulating oxides where a two-dimensional electron gas forms, discovered by Ohtomo and Hwang in 2004.
Lanthanum manganite
Lanthanum manganite (LaMnO3) is a perovskite oxide of lanthanum and manganese, the parent compound of doped manganites, the family in which colossal magnetoresistance was discovered around 1993.
Lanthanum nickelate
Lanthanum nickelate (LaNiO3, often abbreviated LNO) is a rare-earth nickelate that remains metallic at all temperatures, making it useful as an oxide electrode, electrocatalyst, and parent compound of nickelate superconductors.
Lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite
Lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite (LSCF) is a mixed ionic and electronic conducting perovskite oxide used chiefly as the oxygen electrode of solid oxide fuel cells.
Lanthanum strontium manganite
Lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM) is a strontium-doped perovskite oxide best known as the cathode material for solid oxide fuel cells, and also studied for colossal magnetoresistance.