42,772 articles
Markov algorithm
A Markov algorithm, also called a normal algorithm, is a string-rewriting model of computation, introduced by Andrei Markov in 1947 and equivalent in power to a Turing machine.
Markov blanket
A Markov blanket is the minimal set of variables shielding a target from all others, introduced by Judea Pearl in 1988 as a core Bayesian network concept.
Markov chain
A Markov chain, also called a Markovian process, is a stochastic process where the next state depends only on the current state, used in web ranking and statistical sampling.
Markov chain central limit theorem
The Markov chain central limit theorem states that centered sums of a function along a Markov chain converge to a normal distribution, underpinning MCMC standard errors.
Markov chain Monte Carlo
Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is a class of algorithms that sample from a probability distribution by running a Markov chain with that distribution as its equilibrium.
Markov chain Monte Carlo in physics
Markov chain Monte Carlo in physics is the use of Markov chain sampling, introduced by Metropolis and colleagues in 1953, to compute equilibrium averages in statistical mechanics.
Markov kernel
A Markov kernel, also called a stochastic kernel or transition probability, is a measurable map assigning to each point of one space a probability measure on another.
Markov model
A Markov model is a stochastic model where the next state depends only on the current state, used in speech recognition, bioinformatics, and Bayesian inference.
Markov property
The Markov property, or Markov condition, is the memoryless property of a stochastic process: given the present state, the future does not depend on the past.
Markov random field
A Markov random field, or Markov network, is a set of random variables on an undirected graph where each variable is conditionally independent of all others given its neighbors.
Markov reward process
A Markov reward process is a Markov chain with numerical rewards attached to states or transitions and a discount factor, modeling a stochastic system scored over time but not controlled.
Markov's inequality
Markov's inequality is a theorem of probability theory bounding the probability that a non-negative random variable exceeds a threshold by its mean divided by that threshold.
Markovnikov's rule
Markovnikov's rule, also known as the Markownikoff rule, is an organic chemistry rule proposed in 1869 by Vladimir Markovnikov, predicting where hydrogen halides add across unsymmetrical alkenes.
Markus Antonietti
Markus Antonietti (born 1960) is a German chemist who has directed the Colloid Chemistry department at the Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces in Potsdam since 1993.
Markus Arndt
Markus Arndt, born 1965 in Germany, is a physicist and Full Professor of Quantum Nanophysics at the University of Vienna, known for matter-wave interference of ever larger molecules.
Markus Aspelmeyer
Markus Aspelmeyer, born 1974 in Schongau, Germany, is a quantum physicist and pioneer of optomechanics who led the 2021 measurement of gravity between millimeter-sized masses.
Markus B. Raschke
Markus B. Raschke is a physicist working in nonlinear and ultrafast nano-optics, professor of physics and chemistry at the University of Colorado Boulder and a JILA fellow since 2016.
Markus Fierz
Markus Fierz (1912–2006) was a Swiss theoretical physicist, Pauli's successor at ETH Zürich, known for his 1939 spin-statistics proof, the Fierz identity, and Fierz–Pauli theory.
Markus Gabriel
Markus Gabriel, born 1980 in Remagen, is a German philosopher at the University of Bonn and a founder of New Realism, arguing that the world does not exist.
Markus Greiner
Markus Greiner is an experimental atomic physicist and Harvard professor who developed the quantum gas microscope, simulates condensed matter with ultracold atoms, and co-founded QuEra Computing.
Markus K. Oberthaler
Markus K. Oberthaler (born 1968) is an experimental physicist, professor at Heidelberg University since 2003, known for entanglement in Bose–Einstein condensates and a quantum field simulator of curved spacetime.
Markus Meuwly
Markus Meuwly is a Swiss computational and theoretical physical chemist, Full Professor at the University of Basel since 2014 and adjunct professor at Brown University, known for PhysNet.
Markus Niederberger
Markus Niederberger is a materials chemist who has been a full professor at ETH Zurich since 2017, known for the benzyl alcohol route to metal oxide nanoparticles.
Markus Ralser
Markus Ralser is a biochemist who studies metabolism using proteomics and quantitative mass spectrometry, leading biochemistry at Charité Berlin and a group at the Francis Crick Institute.
Markus Reiher
Markus Reiher (born 1971) is a German theoretical chemist and professor at ETH Zurich, known for the DMRG method for transition-metal systems and for quantum computing applied to chemistry.
Markus Rost
Markus Rost (born 1958 in Nürnberg) is a German mathematician known for Rost theory, cycle modules, and the Rost invariant, key to the proof of the Milnor and Bloch–Kato conjectures.
Markus V. Pessa
Markus V. Pessa, also known as Markus Pessa, was a Finnish physicist and optoelectronics researcher who pioneered molecular beam epitaxy of compound semiconductors in Europe and led Tampere's semiconductor laser industry.
Markus W. Ribbe
Markus W. Ribbe is a biochemist and Chancellor's Professor at UC Irvine known for work on nitrogenase, including a 2012 Science paper on the origin of its carbide ion.
Marl
Marl is a calcareous clay, a mixture of calcium carbonate with clay or mud, much of it deposited in lakes and used as a natural liming material.
Marlan O. Scully
Marlan O. Scully is an American laser physicist known for the quantum theory of the laser and lasing without inversion, and a professor at Texas A&M University.