42,772 articles
Mathematical and theoretical biology
Mathematical and theoretical biology, also called biomathematics, applies mathematical models and theoretical analysis to living systems, from whole populations down to molecules, in contrast with experimental biology.
Mathematical coincidence
A mathematical coincidence, also called a coincidence in mathematics, is an equality or near-equality between different mathematical quantities that has no known theoretical explanation, such as rational approximations to π.
Mathematical constant
A mathematical constant is a well-defined real number arising from mathematics rather than measurement, the best known being π and e, the base of natural logarithms.
Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics
The mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics is the framework representing states by vectors, observables by self-adjoint operators, and measurement probabilities by the Born rule in a complex Hilbert space.
Mathematical formulation of the equivalence principle
The mathematical formulation of the equivalence principle states that gravity can be eliminated at any single point of spacetime by a suitable choice of coordinates, while curvature remains.
Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model
The mathematical formulation of the Standard Model is a renormalizable quantum field theory developed in the early 1970s to describe the strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces.
Mathematical induction
Mathematical induction, also called proof by induction, is a proof technique that establishes a statement holds for every natural number from a base case onward.
Mathematical linguistics
Mathematical linguistics is the study of mathematical structures and methods for describing the structure of natural languages, arising in the 1950s from machine translation and Chomsky's early work.
Mathematical logic
Mathematical logic, also known as formal logic, is the branch of mathematics that builds formal languages and proof systems, comprising proof theory, model theory, set theory, and computability theory.
Mathematical manuscripts of Karl Marx
Karl Marx's mathematical manuscripts are roughly a thousand sheets of notes on mathematics, chiefly the differential calculus, written in the 1850s to 1883 and published in the 20th century.
Mathematical model
Mathematical modeling is the description of a system or phenomenon in mathematical language, used for virtual experiments, prediction, and analysis when real experiments would be expensive or impossible.
Mathematical notation
Mathematical notation, also called maths or math notation, is the system of symbols and conventions by which mathematics is written, developed gradually from the fifteenth century onward.
Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode
Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode, also called Unicode mathematical symbols, are the characters Unicode encodes for mathematical notation, centered on the Mathematical Operators block.
Mathematical physics
Mathematical physics is the study of mathematical models of physical events, constructing models for physics and analyzing them with mathematical methods like partial differential equations.
Mathematical Platonism
Mathematical Platonism is the metaphysical view that abstract mathematical objects, such as numbers, sets, and functions, exist independently of us, our language, and our practices, so mathematical truths are discovered, not invented.
Mathematical proof
A mathematical proof is a deductive argument establishing a statement as true from accepted starting points such as axioms and definitions, tracing to Euclid's Elements.
Mathematical Reviews
Mathematical Reviews (MR) is a reviewing service and bibliographic database for mathematical literature, published by the American Mathematical Society since 1940 and available electronically as MathSciNet.
Mathematical statistics
Mathematical statistics, also known as theoretical statistics, is the branch of mathematics that develops statistical methods with probability theory, covering estimation, hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, and experimental design.
Mathematician
A mathematician is a person who uses mathematics as a profession or primary field of study, either extending mathematical knowledge through research and proof or applying it to practical problems.
Mathematics
Mathematics (Mathematik) is the science of structure, order, and relation that evolved from counting, measuring, and describing shapes, spanning ancient Babylonian arithmetic to modern fields like artificial intelligence.
Mathematics and art
Mathematics and art, also called math and art, is the interaction between mathematical ideas like geometry, proportion, and perspective and visual art, running from ancient Greece through Renaissance perspective to Escher and fractals.
Mathematics of general relativity
The mathematics of general relativity models spacetime as a curved four-dimensional Lorentzian manifold whose metric is dynamic, with the Einstein field equations relating curvature to matter and energy.
Mathematics Subject Classification
The Mathematics Subject Classification (MSC) is an alphanumeric scheme for categorizing mathematical literature, maintained jointly by Mathematical Reviews and zbMATH and revised roughly every ten years since 1990.
Mathew Carey Lea
Mathew Carey Lea (1823–1897), usually published as M. Carey Lea, was an American chemist who worked from a private laboratory in Philadelphia, studied silver halide photography, and founded mechanochemistry.
Mathew M. Maye
Mathew M. Maye is an American chemist and nanoscientist who chairs chemistry at Syracuse University and won a 2008 Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers.
Mathias Kläui
Mathias Kläui is a condensed-matter physicist who studies spintronics and magnetism in thin films, including domain walls and skyrmions, and has been a professor at Mainz since 2011.
Mathias Lerch
Mathias Lerch, born Matyáš Lerch, was a Czech mathematician known for the Lerch transcendent and Lerch zeta function, who won the Paris Academy of Sciences Grand Prize in 1900.
Mathieu equation
The Mathieu equation is a second-order differential equation with a periodic cosine coefficient, introduced by Émile Léonard Mathieu in 1868 while studying the vibrations of an elliptical membrane.
Mathieu functions
Mathieu functions, also called elliptic cylinder functions, are the periodic solutions of Mathieu's equation, introduced in 1868 by Émile Mathieu to describe vibrations of an elliptical membrane.
Mathieu group
The Mathieu groups are five finite simple groups, M11 through M24, discovered by Émile Mathieu in 1861 and 1873 as the first sporadic simple groups.