42,772 articles
Modern portfolio theory
Modern portfolio theory, also known as Markowitz portfolio theory, is a framework for choosing investments by balancing expected return against risk, introduced by Harry Markowitz in 1952.
Modern Quantum Mechanics
Modern Quantum Mechanics is a graduate-level quantum mechanics textbook begun by J. J. Sakurai, completed by San Fu Tuan in 1985 and revised by Jim Napolitano.
Modern searches for Lorentz violation
Modern searches for Lorentz violation are precision experiments testing whether the laws of physics depend on the laboratory's velocity or orientation, and none has found a violation.
Modest set
A modest set is a set whose elements have computational realizers, each realizer determining at most one element, serving as a notion of data type in realizability.
Modesto Orozco
Modesto Orozco López, born 1962 in Barcelona, is a Spanish computational chemist, professor at the University of Barcelona, and developer of the parmbsc1 DNA force field.
MODFLOW
MODFLOW is a modular, open-source computer program from the U.S. Geological Survey that simulates groundwater flow; first released in 1984, it is the international standard.
Modified dispersion relations and rainbow gravity
Modified dispersion relations and rainbow gravity are quantum-gravity ideas where particle dispersion is corrected near the Planck energy and spacetime metrics depend on probe energy.
Modified electrode
A modified electrode is an electrode coated with a thin layer of a substance, the chemical modifier, to tailor its properties for electrochemical sensors and biosensors.
Modified Julian Date
The Modified Julian Date (MJD) is a continuous day count equal to the Julian Date minus 2,400,000.5, with day zero at midnight beginning November 17, 1858.
Modified Mercalli intensity scale
The Modified Mercalli intensity scale, also called the Mercalli scale, is a seismic scale used in the United States to describe shaking severity through observed effects on people and structures.
Modified Newtonian dynamics
Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND), or Milgrom's law, is a proposed alternative to dark matter in which Newtonian mechanics breaks down at very low gravitational accelerations, proposed by Mordehai Milgrom in 1983.
Modular arithmetic
Modular arithmetic, also called clock arithmetic, treats integers as congruent when they leave the same remainder; Gauss formalized it in 1801, and it underlies RSA cryptography.
Modular curve
A modular curve is an algebraic curve whose points parameterize elliptic curves with extra level structure, such as a point of order N, central to the arithmetic of elliptic curves.
Modular decomposition
Modular decomposition, also known as substitution decomposition, is a graph algorithm that recursively partitions a graph into modules, vertex sets sharing the same outside neighbors, and returns a tree.
Modular exponentiation
Modular exponentiation, also called Modpow, computes the remainder when a base raised to an exponent is divided by a modulus, and is the core operation of RSA and Diffie-Hellman.
Modular form
A modular form is a holomorphic function on the complex upper half-plane that transforms in a prescribed way under a subgroup of the modular group, holomorphic at the cusps.
Modular function
A modular function is a meromorphic function on the upper half-plane, invariant under a subgroup of the modular group and meromorphic at the cusps; the j-invariant is the principal example.
Modular group
The modular group is the group PSL(2, ℤ) of 2 × 2 integer matrices with determinant 1, acting on the upper half-plane and central to number theory.
Modular lattice
A modular lattice is a lattice satisfying the modular law, a weakening of distributivity formulated by Richard Dedekind around 1900; examples include subspaces of a vector space and normal subgroups of a group.
Modular multiplicative inverse
The modular multiplicative inverse, also called the modular inverse, is the analog of division in modular arithmetic: an integer b⁻¹ with b·b⁻¹ ≡ 1 (mod m). It exists when b and m are relatively prime.
Modular quantum computing
Modular quantum computing is an architectural approach linking multiple smaller quantum processing units through quantum and classical links, pursued to scale quantum computers beyond the limits of monolithic single-chip devices.
Modular representation theory
Modular representation theory, also called Brauer or modular character theory, studies representations of finite groups over fields whose characteristic divides the group order, developed by Richard Brauer from 1935.
Modular surface
The modular surface is the quotient of the hyperbolic upper half-plane by the modular group PSL(2,Z), a finite-area orbifold that classifies elliptic curves and hosts modular forms.
Modular synthesis
Modular synthesis is an organic chemistry strategy that assembles complex molecules from standardized building blocks using reliable reactions, so swapping one block predictably changes the final product.
Modular tensor category
A modular tensor category is a semisimple braided tensor category with finitely many simple objects, duals, a compatible twist, and a non-degenerate braiding, meaning an invertible S-matrix.
Modularity theorem
The modularity theorem, once the Taniyama-Shimura-Weil conjecture, states that every elliptic curve over the rationals is modular; proved between 1995 and 2001, it settled Fermat's Last Theorem.
Modulated differential scanning calorimetry
Modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC) is a thermal analysis technique that superimposes an oscillating temperature on conventional DSC, separating heat flow into reversing and non-reversing components.
Modulated synthesis of covalent organic frameworks
Modulated synthesis of covalent organic frameworks is a crystallization strategy that adds a monofunctional modulator to slow framework growth, suppressing defects and enabling the first large single-crystalline COFs.
Modulated synthesis of MOFs
Modulated synthesis of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) adds competing modulator molecules, most often monocarboxylic acids, that reversibly bind metal nodes to control crystallinity, particle size, morphology, defect density, and phase selection.
Modulation doping
Modulation doping is a semiconductor technique that separates dopants from the carriers they donate, greatly raising carrier mobility; first demonstrated at Bell Labs in 1978.