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Modulational instability
Modulational instability, also called Benjamin–Feir instability, is the instability of a uniform wave train to side-band perturbations whose amplitudes grow exponentially, breaking the train into groups; it occurs in water waves, plasmas, and optical fibers.
Module (mathematics)
In mathematics, a module, or module over a ring, is an algebraic structure generalizing a vector space by taking scalars from a ring rather than a field.
Module homomorphism
A module homomorphism, also called an R-linear map, is a map between modules over a ring preserving addition and scalar multiplication; over a field it is a linear map.
Module over a restricted Lie algebra
A module over a restricted Lie algebra is a representation compatible with the pth power map, organized around reduced enveloping algebras and baby Verma modules in prime characteristic.
Moduli of algebraic curves
The moduli of algebraic curves, also called the Deligne–Mumford moduli space of curves, is the geometric object parametrizing smooth projective curves of fixed genus up to isomorphism.
Moduli space
A moduli space is a geometric space whose points correspond to isomorphism classes of objects like Riemann surfaces or vector bundles, recording how they vary.
Moduli stack of elliptic curves
The moduli stack of elliptic curves, written M₁,₁ or M_ell, is the Deligne–Mumford stack that classifies elliptic curves and serves as the geometric home of modular forms.
Modulo
Modulo, also known as the mod or modulus operator, returns the remainder when one integer is divided by another; Gauss introduced it in his 1801 Disquisitiones Arithmeticae.
Modulus of continuity
The modulus of continuity of a function measures the largest amount it can change over pairs of points no farther apart than a given distance.
Modus ponens
Modus ponens, also called the law of detachment, is a valid rule of inference in propositional logic: from if A then B, and A, infer B.
Modus tollens
Modus tollens, or denying the consequent, is a valid rule of inference in propositional logic: from a conditional p → q and the denial ¬q, one infers ¬p.
MoEDAL
MoEDAL, the Monopole and Exotics Detector at the LHC, is a passive CERN detector at Interaction Point 8 searching for magnetic monopoles and other highly ionizing particles.
MOF catalysts for methane-to-methanol
MOF catalysts for methane-to-methanol are porous metal-organic frameworks with isolated copper or iron sites that oxidize methane directly to methanol under mild conditions, an alternative to the high-temperature syngas route.
MOF glasses
MOF glasses are amorphous solids formed from metal-organic frameworks and described as a fourth category of hybrid glass, with most applications in gas separation and ion conduction.
MOF-808
MOF-808 is a zirconium-based metal–organic framework with Zr6 clusters, large 18.4 Å cavities, and a BET surface area above 2000 m² g⁻¹, first reported in 2014.
MOF-based electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution
MOF-based electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution are electrode materials built from metal-organic frameworks, porous crystalline solids, used to speed the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction that limits water electrolysis.
MOF-based nerve-agent detoxification
MOF-based nerve-agent detoxification uses metal–organic frameworks, crystalline porous catalysts, to destroy organophosphorus nerve agents such as soman and VX, with zirconium-based MOFs leading the field.
MOF-derived single-atom catalysts
MOF-derived single-atom catalysts are catalysts with isolated metal atoms produced from metal–organic frameworks, usually by thermal pyrolysis into nitrogen-doped carbon, used for oxygen, hydrogen, and CO2 reduction reactions.
MOGREPS
MOGREPS, the Met Office Global and Regional Ensemble Prediction System, is the UK Met Office's ensemble forecasting system for probabilistic short-range forecasts of wind, rain, snow, fog, and storms.
Mohamed Eddaoudi
Mohamed Eddaoudi, born in Agadir, Morocco, in 1969, is a chemist at KAUST in Saudi Arabia known for designing metal–organic frameworks for gas storage and carbon capture.
Mohamed El-Naggar
Mohamed Y. El-Naggar is a USC biophysicist who studies how bacteria move electrons outside their cells, and in 2024 became director of Carnegie Science's Biosphere Sciences and Engineering division.
Mohamed Mézouar
Mohamed Mézouar is a high-pressure physicist who leads X-ray diffraction at the ESRF in Grenoble, known for the 2013 measurement of iron's melting point at Earth's inner core boundary.
Mohammad Hafezi
Mohammad Hafezi (محمد حافظی) is a University of Maryland professor working in quantum optics and topological photonics, known for synthetic gauge fields for photons and topologically protected optical devices.
Mohammad M. Salour
Mohammad M. Salour, also published as Michael M. Salour, is an Iranian-born physicist who, with Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, demonstrated double-pulse excitation in Doppler-free two-photon spectroscopy, work cited in the 2005 Nobel Prize background.
Mohammad Movassaghi
Mohammad Movassaghi is an organic chemist and Professor of Chemistry at MIT known for total synthesis of alkaloid natural products, including the first synthesis of dideoxyverticillin A in 2009.
Mohammad R. Seyedsayamdost
Mohammad R. Seyedsayamdost, known as Mo, is an Iranian-born biological chemist at Princeton University known for discovering the roseobacticide algaecides and for developing methods that activate silent biosynthetic gene clusters.
Mohorovičić discontinuity
The Mohorovičić discontinuity, usually shortened to the Moho, is the seismic boundary between Earth's crust and the underlying mantle, identified by Andrija Mohorovičić in 1909 from earthquake recordings near Zagreb.
Mohr–Coulomb theory
Mohr–Coulomb theory, or the Mohr–Coulomb criterion, is a strength criterion for soils and rocks stating that a material fails in shear when shear stress reaches cohesion plus frictional resistance.
Mohr's circle
Mohr's circle, or Mohr diagram, is a two-dimensional graphical representation of stress at a point in a solid, introduced by Christian Otto Mohr in 1882.
Mohs scale
The Mohs scale, or Mohs hardness scale, is a ten-step scale devised by Friedrich Mohs that ranks minerals by scratch resistance, from talc at 1 to diamond at 10.