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Mole (unit)
The mole (symbol mol) is the SI base unit of amount of substance, defined to contain exactly 6.022 × 10^23 elementary entities, a value called the Avogadro constant.
Mole fraction
The mole fraction, formally called the amount fraction by IUPAC, expresses mixture composition as the amount of a constituent divided by the total amount of all constituents.
Mole percent
Mole percent (mol %) expresses a mixture's composition as 100 times a constituent's mole fraction, though IUPAC deprecates the term in favor of the mole fraction.
Mole ratio
A mole ratio is the ratio of molar amounts of two substances in a reaction, taken from the balanced equation's coefficients, and serves as stoichiometry's central conversion factor.
Molecular alignment
Molecular alignment confines the axes of gas-phase molecules to a fixed direction in space using intense nonresonant laser pulses, with applications in high harmonic generation and chemical reaction control.
Molecular assembly line
A molecular assembly line is a molecular machine, natural or artificial, that builds a chemical product by passing it through a fixed sequence of stations.
Molecular beam
A molecular beam is a directed stream of molecules formed when gas expands through a small orifice into a vacuum, moving at nearly equal velocities with few collisions.
Molecular cloud
A molecular cloud is a cold, dense region of interstellar gas, mostly molecular hydrogen, ranging up to giant molecular clouds of a million solar masses where most star formation occurs.
Molecular copper electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction
Molecular copper electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction are copper coordination complexes, used dissolved in solution or immobilized on electrodes, that convert carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide, formate, ethanol, and ethylene.
Molecular distillation
Molecular distillation is a high-vacuum separation technique in which molecules evaporate from a heated surface and condense nearby, used for heat-sensitive compounds like vitamins and omega-3 oils.
Molecular dynamics
Molecular dynamics simulation is a computational method that simulates the motion of atoms and molecules over time, producing trajectories from which macroscopic properties are extracted by averaging.
Molecular dynamics nanoreactor
A molecular dynamics nanoreactor is a simulation method that uses artificial forces, like a compressing virtual piston, to discover chemical reactions, products, and mechanisms without preordained reaction steps.
Molecular electrocatalysis
Molecular electrocatalysis is the acceleration of electrochemical reactions by synthetically prepared metal complexes, applied to hydrogen, oxygen, and CO2 transformations for energy conversion and fuel production.
Molecular encapsulation
Molecular encapsulation is the trapping of a guest atom or molecule inside a host cavity such as a cage, capsule, or fullerene, used in catalysis, separation, and drug delivery.
Molecular ferroelectrics
Molecular ferroelectrics are crystalline materials built from molecular units whose spontaneous electric polarization can be reversed by an external field, first demonstrated in Rochelle salt in 1920.
Molecular formula
A molecular formula is a chemical formula giving the actual number of each atom in a molecule, such as C9H8O4 for aspirin, always a multiple of the empirical formula.
Molecular gear
A molecular gear is a molecular system in which two or more rotators perform coupled rotations, transmitting motion like macroscopic cogwheels, first studied in the early 1980s.
Molecular generation
Molecular generation is the use of computational models, especially deep generative models, to design new molecules with desired properties for drug discovery, materials science, and synthetic chemistry.
Molecular geometry
Molecular geometry, or molecular shape, is the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule, described by bond lengths, bond angles, and torsion angles; it determines molecular polarity.
Molecular hydrogen
Molecular hydrogen (H₂), also called dihydrogen, is the neutral molecule made of two hydrogen atoms, the simplest and most abundant molecule in the universe, existing in ortho and para nuclear-spin forms.
Molecular imaging (institution)
Molecular Imaging is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering molecular imaging research from basic science to human applications. Founded in 2002, it is sponsored by the SNMMI.
Molecular imprinting
Molecular imprinting is a polymer preparation technique that creates synthetic recognition sites by polymerizing monomers around a template molecule, yielding selective polymers used in separations, sensors, assays, and catalysis.
Molecular ion clock
A molecular ion clock is a proposed frequency standard using a narrow rovibrational transition of a trapped molecular ion, most prominently H₂⁺ or HD⁺, as its reference.
Molecular knot
A molecular knot is a covalently closed loop of atoms entangled so it cannot be untied without breaking a bond; the first, a trefoil knot, was synthesized in 1989.
Molecular machine
A molecular machine, or nanomachine, is an assembly of molecular components that performs machinelike movements in response to a stimulus, covering biological motors and synthetic designs.
Molecular mass
Molecular mass, formerly called molecular weight, is the mass of a single molecule expressed in daltons. It differs from molar mass, which measures mass per mole of substance.
Molecular mechanics
Molecular mechanics is a classical modeling method that computes molecular energies and geometries from atomic positions using an empirical force field, treating atoms as interaction sites.
Molecular mechanics/Poisson–Boltzmann surface area
Molecular mechanics/Poisson–Boltzmann surface area (MM/PBSA, also written MM-PBSA) is a computational method for estimating binding free energies, combining molecular mechanics energies with implicit-solvent calculations since 1998.
Molecular microbiology
Molecular Microbiology (Mol Microbiol), a Wiley peer-reviewed journal founded in 1987 by Blackwell, covering molecular studies of bacteria, archaea, eukaryotic microbes, and viruses; ISSN 0950-382X print, 1365-2958 online, edited by John D. Helmann.
Molecular nanotube
A molecular nanotube is a hollow, cylindrical structure with nanoscale diameter built from organic molecules, distinct from carbon nanotubes, with uses in drug delivery, sensing, and catalysis.