Physical world and mathematics

Mollisol

A Mollisol is a soil order in USDA Soil Taxonomy defined by a thick, dark, humus-rich surface horizon, making it among the most fertile and extensively farmed soils in the world.

Mollisols, from the Latin mollis meaning soft, are a USDA soil order with a thick, dark, humus-rich surface horizon, formed mainly under grassland and counted among the world's most productive agricultural soils.

Mølmer–Sørensen gate

The Mølmer–Sørensen gate, also known as the MS gate, is a two-qubit entangling gate for trapped-ion quantum computers, proposed by Anders Sørensen and Klaus Mølmer in 1999.

Molsidomine

Molsidomine is a vasodilator prodrug of the sydnonimine class, available in Europe since 1977, that releases nitric oxide in the liver to prevent anginal attacks.

Molten carbonate electrolysis

Molten carbonate electrolysis (MCE), also called molten salt CO₂ capture and electrochemical transformation, splits CO₂ in molten carbonate at 500–950 °C into solid carbon or CO and oxygen.

Molten chloride salt

A molten chloride salt is a mixture of chloride salts such as MgCl₂, KCl, and NaCl kept molten for heat transfer, energy storage, and nuclear reactors.

Molten salt

A molten salt is a salt heated above its melting point into an ionic liquid, used for thermal energy storage in solar plants, aluminum production, and nuclear reactors.

Molten salt electrolysis

Molten salt electrolysis is an electrochemical method using molten salts as electrolytes to deposit, extract, or refine metals at temperatures well above the aqueous range.

Molten salt method

The molten salt method, or molten salt synthesis, is a technique that heats inorganic precursors in molten salt to make ceramic powders at lower temperatures.

Molten salt synthesis

Molten salt synthesis (MSS) is a materials preparation method in which molten inorganic salt serves as the reaction medium for making crystalline powders, nanomaterials, and ceramics at lower temperatures than solid-state reactions.

Molybdenite

Molybdenite is a soft, gray molybdenum sulfide mineral (MoS₂) occurring in hexagonal crystals in igneous and metamorphic rocks, and the only ore used to produce molybdenum.

Molybdenum

Molybdenum is a hard, silvery group 6 transition metal with the sixth highest melting point of any element, best known for strengthening steel and for its role in enzymes.

Molybdenum blue

Molybdenum blue is the deep-blue material formed by partially reducing acidified molybdate, first reported by Scheele in 1783 and used to measure phosphate in water.

Molybdenum dioxide

Molybdenum dioxide, also called molybdenum(IV) oxide (MoO₂), is a gray transition metal oxide with a distorted rutile structure and unusual metallic conductivity, used in lithium-ion battery anodes and gas sensors.

Molybdenum diselenide

Molybdenum diselenide (MoSe₂) is a layered inorganic compound of molybdenum and selenium that can be exfoliated to atomically thin sheets and studied for batteries, catalysis, and optoelectronics.

Molybdenum disulfide

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), or molybdic sulfide, is an inorganic compound occurring naturally as molybdenite, the principal ore of molybdenum, and widely used as a solid lubricant.

Molybdenum disulfide hydrogen evolution catalysis

Molybdenum disulfide hydrogen evolution catalysis is the use of MoS2, a layered transition-metal dichalcogenide, as a non-precious electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction in water splitting.

Molybdenum disulfide nanosheets

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) nanosheets are ultrathin two-dimensional sheets, typically one to a few atomic layers thick, studied as platforms for drug delivery, photothermal cancer therapy, bioimaging, biosensing, and tissue engineering.

Molybdenum ditelluride

Molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe₂) is a layered transition metal dichalcogenide, about 0.7 nm per layer, whose three crystal phases span semiconductor, metal, and type-II Weyl semimetal behavior.

Molybdenum sulfide CO2 reduction to formate

Molybdenum sulfide CO2 reduction to formate is the conversion of carbon dioxide into formate over molybdenum disulfide catalysts, reported in 2023 with over 99 percent selectivity at 200 °C.

Molybdenum trioxide

Molybdenum trioxide (MoO₃) is a colorless to white solid, the highest oxide of molybdenum, made by roasting molybdenite ore and converted into molybdates, catalysts, alloys, and molybdenum metal.

Molybdenum-99

Molybdenum-99 (Mo-99) is a radioactive isotope of molybdenum with a 66-hour half-life whose decay product, technetium-99m, is the most widely used isotope in nuclear medicine imaging.

MoM-BH*-1

MoM-BH-1 is an extremely red source seen by JWST 660 million years after the Big Bang, interpreted as a supermassive black hole in dense gas.

MoM-z14

MoM-z14 is a luminous galaxy at redshift 14.44, found by the Mirage or Miracle survey and confirmed with the James Webb Space Telescope in 2025 as the most distant galaxy known.

Moment (mathematics)

A moment is a numerical characteristic of a probability distribution, the expected value of a power of a random variable; the first moment is the mean.

Moment (physics)

In physics, a moment measures the turning effect of a force or other quantity about a point or axis; the moment of a force is also called torque.

Moment closure

Moment closure is a mathematical technique approximating the infinite hierarchy of moment equations of a stochastic process by a finite system, expressing higher-order moments as functions of lower-order ones.

Moment determinacy and indeterminate distributions

Moment determinacy is the property of a probability distribution being uniquely determined by its moments. Carleman's condition implies determinacy, and the lognormal distribution is the standard indeterminate example.

Moment magnitude scale

The moment magnitude scale, also called the Hanks–Kanamori scale, is a logarithmic measure of earthquake size based on the seismic moment, proposed by Hiroo Kanamori in 1977.