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Tolima, Nevado del
Nevado del Tolima (Volcán Nevado del Tolima) is a 5,215 m glacier-clad andesitic-dacitic stratovolcano in Colombia's Ruiz-Tolima massif, 25 km south of Nevado del Ruiz; last known eruption 1943 CE, last major eruption about 3,600 years ago.
Toliman
Volcán Tolimán (also Northern Atitlán, Casuela Juyu) is a 3,158 m andesitic stratovolcano on the south shore of Lake Atitlán, Guatemala, twin of Atitlán, with no known historical eruptions and a young Cerro de Oro flank lava dome.
Toluca, Nevado de
Nevado de Toluca (Xinantécatl, Chicnauhtécatl) is a 4,680 m andesitic-dacitic stratovolcano in central Mexico, the country's fourth highest peak, with a crater holding the El Sol and La Luna lakes, a 1.5-million-year eruptive history, and a Holocene eruption about 3,300 years ago.
Tomb of Jesus
Tomb of Jesus: the Gospel burial place of Jesus, claimed by the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Constantinian, archaeologically supported) and the nineteenth-century Garden Tomb, which Iron Age dating rules out.
Tomb of the Virgin Mary (קבר מרים)
Tomb of the Virgin Mary (קבר מרים), Mary's Tomb, Church of the Sepulchre of St. Mary: Jerusalem Kidron Valley sanctuary around a rock-cut cavern venerated as Mary's grave; mid-fifth-century church, Melisinda's 1161 rebuilding, crypt left standing by Saladin in 1187.
Tombolo
Tombolo: coastal landform, a sand or gravel bar connecting an island to the mainland or another island, formed by wave refraction and diffraction depositing sediment behind the island; examples include Chesil Beach and St. Ninian's Ayre.
Tomort
Tomort (托木尔提峰, Tomurty) is the 4,886 m highest peak of the Karlik Mountains, far eastern Tien Shan, Xinjiang, China, near Hami. An ultra with ~3,240 m prominence (world rank 70), first climbed in 2005 by a Japanese National Defense Academy team; distinct from Tomur Peak (7,439 m).
Tongariro
Tongariro: active andesitic volcanic complex of a dozen-plus cones in New Zealand's Taupō Volcanic Zone, 1,978 m, built over ~275,000 years; Te Māri craters erupted in 2012; Ngāuruhoe is its main vent; heart of a dual World Heritage national park.
Tonkin Island
Tonkin Island is a narrow, ice-capped island in Antarctica, rising to about 520 m above the Larsen Ice Shelf east of Cape Church on the Bowman Coast of Graham Land.
Topographic isolation
Topographic isolation measures a summit's distance to the nearest point of equal or higher elevation, complementing elevation and prominence; computed globally from DEMs by Kirmse and de Ferranti and accelerated by sweep-plane algorithms.
Tora Bora
Tora Bora ("black caves") is a fortified cave complex in Afghanistan's Safed Koh mountains, Nangarhar province, built by mujahideen and bin Laden, site of the December 2001 battle from which bin Laden escaped to Pakistan, later contested with ISIS-K in 2017.
Torne Valley
Torne Valley (Tornedalen, Tornionlaakso): cross-border region along the 510 km Torne River on the Sweden-Finland border; 21 municipalities, 80,000 inhabitants; Meänkieli-speaking; border drawn 1809; closed by Finland in 2020.
Torngat Mountains
Torngat Mountains (Inuit Torngait, place of spirits): Arctic Cordillera range on northern Labrador, Canada, highest peak Mount Caubvick/Mont d'Iberville 1,652 m, over 40 glaciers, Torngat Orogen rocks to 3.9 Ga, and 9,700 km2 Torngat Mountains National Park co-managed with Inuit.
Torre de Cerredo
Torre de Cerredo (Torrecerréu), about 2,650 m, is the highest peak of the Picos de Europa, the Cordillera Cantábrica, Asturias and León, first climbed 30 July 1892 by Saint-Saud and Labrouche; its normal route is PD- scrambling from the Jou de Cerredo.
Torres Strait Islands
Torres Strait Islands: archipelago of over 270 islands and reefs between Cape York, Australia and Papua New Guinea; 17 inhabited; home of Torres Strait Islanders (Meriam Mir, Kala Lagaw Ya); severely threatened by sea level rise.
Tortola
Tortola is the largest island of the British Virgin Islands, hosting the capital Road Town; about 84% of the population lives there. Volcanic, with Mount Sage over 500 m, colonized by the Dutch from the 1610s and by Britain from 1672.
Tortuga
Tortuga (Île de la Tortue) is a Haitian island off northwest Hispaniola, the chief 17th-century French buccaneer stronghold from 1630 to 1700, with Fort de la Roche and Fort Blondel, later absorbed into Saint-Domingue.
Toubkal
Toubkal (Jbel Toubkal, Adrar n Tubqal) is Morocco's and North Africa's highest mountain, 4,167 m in the High Atlas near Marrakesh, first climbed in 1923 by René de Segonzac, with the Neltner Refuge at 3,207 m on the standard route.
Tousside, Tarso
Tarso Toussidé (Tousside, Tarso), a 6,000 km² volcanic massif in western Tibesti, Chad, capped by the 3,265 m Toussidé stratovolcano; no Holocene eruptions, but fumaroles, young lava flows, and satellite-detected subsidence show residual activity.
Tower Island
Tower Island (Isla Torre) is an uninhabited Antarctic island, 9 km long and 305 m high, marking the northeast end of the Palmer Archipelago; named by Edward Bransfield on 30 January 1820.
Trail Ridge Road
Trail Ridge Road: highest continuous paved road in the United States, a 48-mile route through Rocky Mountain National Park connecting Estes Park and Grand Lake, cresting at 12,183 feet, built 1929-1938.
Traill Ø
Traill Ø (Traill Island) is an uninhabited 3600 km² East Greenland island between Vega Sund and Kong Oscar Fjord, named by Scoresby in 1822 for Thomas Stewart Traill, later a Norwegian-Danish hunting ground and geological type area.
Trang An Landscape Complex
Trang An Landscape Complex (Quần thể danh thắng Tràng An), a mixed UNESCO World Heritage Site in Ninh Binh, Vietnam, inscribed 2014 for tower karst scenery and over 30,000 years of human occupation, including Hoa Lu, the ancient capital.
Trapper Peak
Trapper Peak, Montana's 10,157-ft summit in Ravalli County, is the highest peak of the Bitterroot Mountains and Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness, named in 1876, with a 4-mile hiking trail near Darby.
Travertine
Travertine is a form of limestone, composed of calcite and aragonite, that precipitates directly from hot springs; Roman travertine from Tivoli built the Colosseum and St. Peter's Basilica.
Treasure Island, San Francisco
Treasure Island is a 400-acre artificial island in San Francisco Bay, built in 1936 and 1937 for the Golden Gate International Exposition and later a Navy base.
Tri-Valley
Tri-Valley: East Bay, California region of Amador, Livermore, and San Ramon valleys; cities San Ramon, Dublin, Danville, Pleasanton, Livermore; wine country, fast growth, BART and Valley Link transit.
Triglav
Triglav (2,864 m) is Slovenia's highest mountain in the Julian Alps, first climbed in August 1778 by four Bohinj locals. Its glacier vanished in 2026; the mountain anchors Triglav National Park and Slovenian identity.
Trinidad
Trinidad, the larger island of Trinidad and Tobago, is a continental Caribbean island 11 km off Venezuela, South American biota, transform-boundary geology, oil-based economy, and the region's highest biodiversity.
Trinity Island
Trinity Island, known in French as Île de la Trinité and Spanish as Isla Trinidad, is a 24 km-long island in the Palmer Archipelago off the Antarctic Peninsula.