3,546 articles
Borneo
Borneo, the world's third-largest island in Southeast Asia, is divided among Indonesian Kalimantan, Malaysian Sabah and Sarawak, and Brunei; known for tropical rainforest, orangutan conservation, the 1963 Malaysia Agreement, and Nusantara.
Bornholm
Bornholm is a Danish island in the Baltic Sea south of Sweden, covering 588 km², known for its round churches, granite cliffs, and sunny climate.
Borohoro Mountains
Borohoro Mountains (Borohoro Shan, Borokhoro ula), a 250-km Tian Shan range in Xinjiang, China, up to 4,500 m, separating the Ili River basin from the Junggar Basin, with about 50 glaciers, Late Carboniferous Borohoro pluton bedrock, and a seismically active northern fold-and-thrust belt.
Borra Caves
Borra Caves (Borrā Guhalu), limestone karst caves in the Ananthagiri hills, Araku Valley, Andhra Pradesh; 825 m of passages, 705 m elevation, Gosthani River source, discovered 1807, major tourist site.
Bougainville Island
Bougainville Island, main island of Papua New Guinea's Autonomous Region of Bougainville (with Buka Island), former German then Australian territory, site of the Panguna mine, civil war, and a 2019 referendum where 97.7% voted for independence.
Bouvet Island
Bouvet Island (Bouvetøya), an uninhabited Norwegian volcanic dependency in the South Atlantic at 54°25′S, is one of the world's most isolated islands: 49 km², 89% glacier-covered, a 1971 nature reserve with no introduced species, annexed by Norway in 1927.
Bowman Coast
Bowman Coast: Antarctic Peninsula east coast between Cape Northrop and Cape Agassiz, discovered by Hubert Wilkins' 20 December 1928 flight, named for Isaiah Bowman of the American Geographical Society.
Bowman Peninsula
Bowman Peninsula: ice-covered peninsula on Palmer Land's east coast, Antarctic Peninsula, at 74°49'S 62°16'W, dividing Lassiter Coast from Orville Coast; about 25 mi long, named for geographer Isaiah Bowman, photographed by RARE in 1947.
Brabant Island (landform)
Brabant Island, Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica; French Île Brabant. Second largest island between Anvers and Liège Islands, 33 mi long, Mount Parry 2,520 m; named 1897-99 by Gerlache's Belgian expedition for Belgium's Brabant province; classified as an island, not an undersea feature.
Brač
Brač (Italian Brazza, Chakavian Broč) is Croatia's third largest Adriatic island, 395.4 km², 13,825 people (2021), off Split. Highest Adriatic island peak Vidova gora (780 m); Venetian 1420–1797; famous for limestone and Zlatni Rat.
Bradyseism
Bradyseism, from Greek bradys (slow), is slow volcanic ground uplift and subsidence, best documented at Italy's Campi Flegrei caldera near Pozzuoli, with crises in 1970-72, 1982-84, and an ongoing phase since 2005.
Brandberg
Brandberg (Dâures, "burning mountain") is Namibia's highest mountain, a 2,573 m granite massif in the Erongo Region near Uis, formed 132-130 million years ago and holding over 45,000 San rock paintings, including the White Lady of Tsisab Gorge.
Brandon Bridge Formation
Brandon Bridge Formation, Silurian argillaceous dolostone of northeastern Illinois and southeastern Wisconsin, upper Llandovery to earliest Wenlock, about 8 m thick, host of the Waukesha Lagerstätte soft-bodied biota.
Bransfield Island
Bransfield Island: small island at the east entrance of Antarctic Sound, Antarctic Peninsula, at 63°11'S 56°38'W, separated from d'Urville Island by Burden Passage; named for explorer Edward Bransfield, identified as an island by FIDS survey in 1947.
Brasvellbreen
Bråsvellbreen (Brasvellbreen), southernmost outlet of the Austfonna ice cap on Nordaustlandet, Svalbard; a surge-type tidewater glacier, about 45 km long, that advanced roughly 20 km in the 1930s in Svalbard's largest recorded surge and is now retreating.
Bravo, Cerro
Cerro Bravo (Volcán Cerro Bravo) is an active, dormant dacitic stratovolcano and dome complex in Herveo, Tolima, Colombia, near Manizales; last erupted about 1720 CE, VEI 4–5 Plinian history, green alert.
Brazilian Highlands (dataran tinggi tengah)
Brazilian Highlands (Planalto Brasileiro, brasilianisches Bergland): Brazil's vast Precambrian upland system covering over 4 million km² across central, eastern, southeastern, and southern Brazil, including the Iron Quadrangle, Cerrado plateaus, and Paraná Basin plateaus.
Brian Boru Peak
Brian Boru Peak, a 2,507 m mountain in the Hazleton Mountains, Coast Mountains, British Columbia, highest summit of the Rocher de Boule Group with 1,832 m prominence, named for the Irish king Brian Boru.
Bridgeman Island
Bridgeman Island: small 900 x 600 m volcanic island, 240 m high, east of King George Island in the South Shetland Islands; site of the first recorded Antarctic eruption, observed in 1821.
British Cave Research Association
British Cave Research Association (BCRA), UK charity 267828 founded 23 June 1973 by merger of the British Speleological Association and Cave Research Group; publishes Cave & Karst Science, runs the British Caving Library, research grants, and the British Cave Science Centre.
British Isles
The British Isles: a geographical term for the North Atlantic archipelago of Great Britain, Ireland, and about 5,000 smaller islands, holding about 70 million people across the UK and Republic of Ireland; the name is contested in Ireland.
Broad Peak
Broad Peak, situated in the Karakoram range on the Pakistan and China border, is the world's 12th-highest mountain. It was first climbed in 1957 by an Austrian team.
Brock Island
Brock Island (île Brock) is an uninhabited 764 km2 Queen Elizabeth Island in the Northwest Territories, Canada, discovered and claimed by Vilhjalmur Stefansson in June 1915 and named for R.W. Brock of the Geological Survey of Canada.
Brooklyn Island
Brooklyn Island, Antarctica: 5-km-long island in eastern Wilhelmina Bay off Graham Land, 2 km south of Nansen Island; discovered and named 1897-1899 by de Gerlache's Belgian Antarctic Expedition for Brooklyn, NY, home of surgeon Frederick A. Cook.
Brooks Range
Brooks Range: east-west mountain range across northern Alaska, northernmost extension of the Rocky Mountains, about 970 km long, highest point Mount Isto (2,735.6 m), formed by a Jurassic-Cretaceous fold-and-thrust orogeny.
Brugmann Mountains
Brugmann Mountains, or Monts Brugmann, are an 850 m mountain range on Liège Island, Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica, including Pavlov Peak and Mount Vesalius; discovered and named by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition (1897-1899) for patron Georges Brugmann.
Bryde Island
Bryde Island, an 11 km by 6 km Antarctic island off the Danco Coast, Graham Land, west of Paradise Harbour at 64°52'S 63°02'W; charted and named Île Bryde by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition in February 1898.
Buckland Tableland
Buckland Tableland is a basalt plateau in central Queensland, Australia, on the Great Dividing Range, also mapped as the Buckland Basalts IBRA subregion. Oligocene hot-spot volcanism; flat-topped terrain reaching 1,100 m.
Buen Formation
Buen Formation, early Cambrian siliciclastic unit of the Franklinian Basin, North Greenland; hosts the Sirius Passet Lagerstätte (c. 517 Ma) in its Transitional facies; 425 m type section with sandstone lower and mudstone upper members.
Bugge Islands
Bugge Islands (Ruth Bugge Islands) are a small group of three ice-covered Antarctic islands, Ramírez, Aldea, and Landrum, off the Wordie Ice Shelf, Fallières Coast; photographed 1936 by the BGLE and named 1947 by Finn Ronne for his niece Ruth Bugge.