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Casimir Lake
Casimir Lake is a lake in Keewatin, Northwest Territories, Canada, at 61°28'N 102°38'W on the Kamilukuak River, named for Casimir Island, itself named for a Chipewyan mapmaker of the 1926 Kazan River Expedition.
Casiquiare canal
Casiquiare canal (Río Casiquiare): natural river bifurcation in southern Venezuela, about 356 km long, diverting 20–30% of the upper Orinoco into the Río Negro and thus the Amazon basin; confirmed by Humboldt in 1800.
Caspian Highlands
The Caspian Highlands, ecoregion 446 in the Freshwater Ecoregions of the World system, is a freshwater region in Iran draining to the Caspian Sea, chiefly the upper Safid River watershed.
Caspian Marine
Caspian Marine (FEOW ecoregion 452) is a freshwater ecoregion covering the Central and Southern Caspian Sea, the deep part of the world's largest lake, with high fish endemism from Paratethys relicts and declining productivity.
Caspian Sea (Каспийское море)
Caspian Sea (Каспийское море), world's largest landlocked waterbody, a brackish endorheic lake between Europe and Asia bordered by five states; special legal status under the 2018 Aktau Convention; level now falling up to 30 cm per year.
Cataracts of the Nile
Cataracts of the Nile: six rocky rapids stretches between Aswan, Egypt and Khartoum, Sudan, formed by granite outcrops, obstructing navigation and marking ancient Egypt's southern border with Nubia.
Catawba River
The Catawba River rises in western North Carolina, flows about 220 miles into South Carolina, and becomes the Wateree below Lake Wateree Dam. Also called yeh is-WAH h'reh country of the Catawba Nation, it is a chain of 11 Duke Energy reservoirs and 13 hydropower stations supplying about 2 million people.
Catchment area
A catchment area is the land where rain and snowmelt drain downhill into a common river, lake, or sea, known in some regions as a drainage basin or watershed.
Cattle egret
Cattle egret (Western Cattle-Egret, Ardea ibis; formerly Bubulcus ibis): small stocky white heron that forages beside cattle for insects; split from Eastern Cattle-Egret in 2023; spread naturally from Africa to the Americas and beyond.
Causeway Bay
Causeway Bay (銅鑼灣) is a retail district on northern Hong Kong Island in Wan Chai District, shaped by reclamation including the 1908 Tai Koo dockyard scheme, home to the 18-hectare Causeway Bay Typhoon Shelter and its 2022 revitalised waterfront precinct, served by historic trams, and site of the last cleared 2014 Occupy camp.
Cave and Basin National Historic Site
Cave and Basin National Historic Site, Banff National Park, Alberta: hot springs found by CPR workers in 1883, birthplace of Canada's national parks, designated a national historic site in 1981, home of the endangered Banff Springs snail.
Cayuga Lake
Cayuga Lake is the longest of New York's eleven Finger Lakes, 38 miles long and 435 feet deep, with a 785-square-mile watershed. Homeland of the Gayogo̱hó꞉nǫɁ (Cayuga Nation), it faces phosphorus and harmful algal bloom management under a 2024 TMDL.
Celebes Sea
The Celebes Sea, or Sulawesi Sea, is a semi-enclosed Pacific marginal sea between Borneo, Sulawesi, and the southern Philippines, over 290,000 km² in area, floored by Eocene oceanic crust, and crossed by the Indonesian Throughflow.
Celtic Sea
The Celtic Sea, also called Mer celtique, is an arm of the northeast Atlantic south of Ireland and southwest of Wales and Cornwall, a productive shelf sea known for major fisheries.
Central & Western Europe
Central & Western Europe (FEOW ecoregion 404) is a temperate floodplain-rivers freshwater ecoregion spanning 19 countries from England to Belarus, with Coregonus-dominated endemism in alpine lakes and 70-90% floodplain loss in its large rivers.
Central American Seaway
Central American Seaway: Neogene Atlantic–Pacific marine passage (~200 km wide) across the Panama Arc region, closing in stages from ~12–9 Ma (deep) to ~2.76 Ma (surface), forming the Isthmus of Panama.
Central Andean Pacific Slopes
The Central Andean Pacific Slopes is a freshwater ecoregion covering all Peruvian Pacific coastal river basins, home to 17 endemic fish species and canyons deeper than the Grand Canyon.
Central Arctic Coastal
Central Arctic Coastal (FEOW ecoregion 106) is a Polar freshwaters ecoregion along northern mainland Canada's Arctic coast in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut, with anadromous, non-endemic fish fauna and continuous permafrost.
Central Basin
Central Basin, Ross Sea, Southern Ocean: a 120 km by 120 km undersea basin between Adare Basin and Iselin Bank, 2000-2200 m deep, named by GEBCO SCUFN in 2006, with confirmed oceanic crust formed 61-53 Ma. Distinct from the Pacific Central Basin Fault.
Central Indian Ridge
Central Indian Ridge (CIR): slow to intermediate spreading mid-ocean ridge, ~2,000 km from 3°N to 25°S in the Indian Ocean, ending at the Rodrigues Triple Junction; hosts Kairei, Edmond, Dodo, and Solitaire hydrothermal vent fields.
Central New Zealand
Central New Zealand is a Marine Ecoregion of the World (MEOW) unit, MRGID 21948, defined by Spalding et al. 2007, in the Southern New Zealand marine province around Cook Strait; only 0.4 percent of it is protected.
Central Prairie
Central Prairie is a temperate upland rivers freshwater ecoregion, FEOW ID 146, covering the lower Missouri and upper Arkansas river watersheds across Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas, with endemic darters.
Central Syvash
Central Syvash (Центральний Сиваш), Ramsar Site 115 in Ukraine and Crimea, is an 80,000 ha hypersaline lagoon wetland designated in 1976, hosting about 10,000 nesting waterbird pairs and up to 1,000,000 staging birds, with salinity rising sharply after the 2014 canal closure.
Central Water Commission
The Central Water Commission (CWC) is the main technical arm of India's Ministry of Jal Shakti, established in 1945 to coordinate flood management, irrigation, and water development.
Čepkeliai Marsh
Čepkeliai Marsh (Čepkelių raistas) is Lithuania's largest raised bog, 5,858 ha in Varėna district near Belarus, core of the 1975 Čepkeliai State Nature Reserve, a Ramsar, Natura 2000, and wilderness site with relict lakes, dune islands, and rare cranes and black grouse.
Ceram Sea
Ceram Sea (Seram Sea, Laut Seram), a small Pacific sea in eastern Indonesia between Seram, Buru, and New Guinea's Bird's Head; IHO-defined, about 161,489 km², monsoon-driven, within the Coral Triangle.
Chagos Archipelago
Chagos Archipelago: 58 coral islands in the central Indian Ocean, administered as the British Indian Ocean Territory from 1965; subject of the 2019 ICJ advisory opinion and the 2025 UK-Mauritius sovereignty treaty covering Diego Garcia.
Chagres
Chagres (Río Chagres), Panamanian river flowing to the Caribbean; dammed 1910 to form Lake Gatún, sole water source of the Panama Canal, and protected by Chagres National Park.
Challenger Deep
Challenger Deep, the deepest known point of the ocean, lies at the southern end of the Mariana Trench in the western Pacific, about 300 km southwest of Guam; about 10,935 m deep, named for HMS Challenger.
Challenger Plateau
Challenger Plateau, a flat undersea plateau west of New Zealand near the Lord Howe Rise, a GEBCO gazetteer feature with an orange roughy fishery, annual trawl surveys since 1983, and studied benthic ecology.