2,436 articles
Gulf of Sidra (خليج سدرة)
Gulf of Sidra (Khalīj Surt, Gulf of Sirte) is a large Mediterranean embayment on Libya's central coast, 760 km between Misurata and Benghazi, ancient Syrtis Maior, site of Libya's 1973 Line of Death claim and 1981, 1986, and 1989 US-Libya incidents.
Gulf of St. Lawrence
Gulf of St. Lawrence (Golfe du Saint-Laurent): semi-enclosed Canadian sea opening via Cabot Strait and Strait of Belle Isle; Magdalen Shallows under 80 m; ~15% of Canadian fish catch; sea ice, warming, Cartier 1534.
Gulf of St.Lawrence Coastal Drainages
Gulf of St.Lawrence Coastal Drainages, freshwater ecoregion 114 (FEOW), temperate coastal rivers in Quebec and Labrador; north-shore Gulf of St. Lawrence drainages from the Saguenay east, with Lake Manicouagan impact-crater lake and no endemic fishes.
Gulf of Suez
Gulf of Suez: northwestern arm of the Red Sea between Egypt and Sinai, head at Suez, linked to the Mediterranean by the Suez Canal; a continental rift still widening 0.5 mm/year and an Egyptian oil province.
Gulf of Taranto
Gulf of Taranto (Golfo di Taranto), embayment of the northern Ionian Sea on southern Italy's instep, named for Taranto (ancient Taras, Spartan colony founded 706 BC); known for its Calabrian-arc tectonics, submarine geohazards, the Port of Taranto, and the Mar Grande SIN remediation site.
Gulf of Tehuantepec
Gulf of Tehuantepec (Golfo de Tehuantepec), Pacific embayment of southern Mexico between Oaxaca and Chiapas; famous for winter Tehuano gap winds through Chivela Pass that drive upwelling, 10 °C single-day SST drops, and mesoscale eddies.
Gulf of Thailand
Gulf of Thailand, formerly Gulf of Siam: semi-enclosed 320,000 km2 bay of the South China Sea bordered by Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, and Vietnam, up to 85 m deep, with monsoon-reversing circulation, major fisheries, and offshore oil and gas.
Gulf of Tomini
Gulf of Tomini (Teluk Tomini, Tomini Bay): deep semi-enclosed gulf between Sulawesi's northern and eastern arms, opening to the Moluku Sea; borders Gorontalo, North Sulawesi, and Central Sulawesi; contains the Togean Islands and fisheries assessed under EAFM.
Gulf of Tonkin
Gulf of Tonkin (Vịnh Bắc Bộ; 北部湾, Beibu Gulf), a shallow semi-enclosed arm of the northwestern South China Sea between Vietnam and Hainan, China; about 128,800 km², delimited by a 2000 China–Vietnam agreement in force 2004, and a major shared fishery.
Gulf of Urabá
Gulf of Urabá (Golfo de Urabá), largest estuary of the Colombian Caribbean in northwestern Antioquia/Chocó; site of Spain's 1510 mainland settlements, banana enclave, Atrato River discharge, salt-wedge sedimentation, and planned deep-water port.
Gulf of Venice Drainages
Gulf of Venice Drainages (FEOW ecoregion 415): freshwater ecoregion of northern Italy's Adriatic-draining rivers, dominated by the Po basin, with glacial lakes Garda, Maggiore, Como, and Iseo and about a third endemic fish species.
Gulf St Vincent
Gulf St Vincent, South Australia's smaller gulf, an inverse estuary beside Adelaide with salinity up to 42‰, dodge tides, mangrove and seagrass habitats, prawn and snapper fisheries, and a Karenia algal bloom from March 2025.
Gulf Stream
Gulf Stream: intense warm western boundary current of the western North Atlantic, flowing from the Strait of Florida past Cape Hatteras toward Europe; average speed 6.4 km/h, first charted by Franklin in 1769–1770, a wind-driven branch of the AMOC.
Gullfoss
Gullfoss (Golden Falls) is a two-tiered waterfall on the Hvítá river in southwest Iceland, dropping 32 meters on the Golden Circle route; protected as a nature reserve since 1979 after Sigríður Tómasdóttir's campaign against hydropower developers.
Gur Swamps
The Gur Swamps are the wetlands of the Gur River, an Amur tributary in Khabarovsk Krai in the Russian Far East, protected within the Gursky zakaznik for fish conservation.
Gurudongmar Lake
Gurudongmar Lake (Gurudogmar) is a sacred moraine-dammed glacial lake in Mangan district, North Sikkim, India, above 5,100 m near the China border; fed by the Gurudongmar Glacier, a Teesta tributary, revered by Buddhists, Hindus, and Sikhs, and a high GLOF-risk lake reopened to Indian tourists in 2026.
Gurupí
Gurupi (Rio Gurupi, Gurupy) is a river in the eastern Amazon of Brazil, forming the Pará-Maranhão border, with a ~35,000 km² basin, a macrotidal blackwater estuary, the Rebio Gurupi reserve, and the Gurupi Mosaic; distinct from Gurupi municipality in Tocantins.
Guyot
Guyot, also called tablemount: a flat-topped seamount rising at least 1,000 m above the seafloor. Term coined 1946 by Harry Hess for Arnold Guyot; formed by erosion and subsidence of volcanic islands.
Guzman - Samalayuca
Guzmán - Samalayuca (FEOW ecoregion 161) is a xeric, endorheic freshwater ecoregion in Chihuahua, Mexico, and the southwestern United States, formed after the mid-Pleistocene diversion of the upper Rio Grande and rich in endemic fishes such as Cyprinella bocagrande.
Gwadar (گوادر)
Gwadar (گوادر) is a port city on Pakistan's Arabian Sea coast in Balochistan, bought from Oman in 1958; it hosts Pakistan's third deep-sea port, the CPEC flagship, operated by China's COPHCL.
Gyaring
Gyaring Lake (扎陵湖, Zhaling Lake) is a ~526 km² freshwater lake at ~4,280 m in Madoi County, Qinghai, on the Tibetan Plateau. The Yellow River flows through it eastward into its sister lake Ngoring; OSL dating shows overspill highstands at 14–12 ka and 9 ka.
Hạ Long Bay
Hạ Long Bay (Vịnh Hạ Long), northeastern Viet Nam, Gulf of Tonkin bay of limestone tower karst; UNESCO World Heritage 1994, 2000, extended 2023 with Cat Ba Archipelago; 65,650 ha, 1,133 islands, heavy tourism and conservation pressure.
Ha! Ha! River (Saguenay River tributary)
Ha! Ha! River (Rivière Ha! Ha!), a 75-km Saguenay River tributary in Quebec with a 609 km² basin; named likely from French haha, and site of the 1996 dike-failure flood.
Hadal zone
Hadal zone (hadalpelagic zone): the deepest ocean zone, about 6,000–11,000 m, confined to trenches and troughs, named after Hades; area near Australia's size, over 400 known trench species.
Hadley Bay
Hadley Bay (baie Hadley) is an official bay on Victoria Island, Nunavut, Canada, at 73°N 110°W, named in 1982; it gives its name to a 2013 Geological Survey of Canada tectonic assemblage map.
Hainan (protected area)
Hainan (海南) is freshwater ecoregion 759 of the FEOW framework, covering Hainan Island, China; an Indo-Malay tropical and subtropical coastal rivers unit with the Nandu, Changhua, and Wanquan rivers and no recorded endemic fish.
Halmahera Sea
Halmahera Sea: quasi-confined marginal sea in eastern Indonesia between Halmahera Island and Irian Jaya, a secondary entry portal of the Indonesian Throughflow, with ENSO-linked variability, intense internal-wave mixing, and Coral Triangle coral biodiversity.
Hamburg Bay
Hamburg Bay (German: Hamburghafen) is a bay on the northwest coast of Anvers Island, Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica, just south of Bonnier Point at about 64°30'S, 63°57'W. Discovered and named in 1874 by Dallmann's German expedition for the port of Hamburg.
Hammar Marsh
Hammar Marsh (Hawr al-Hammar), one of the three Mesopotamian marshes of southern Iraq south of the Euphrates; drained in the 1990s, reflooded after 2003, Ramsar site since 2014.
Hampton Roads
Hampton Roads, Virginia: roadstead where the James, Nansemond, and Elizabeth rivers meet Chesapeake Bay; major port, US Navy hub, site of the first ironclad battle, and a region highly exposed to sea level rise.