2,436 articles
Izu-Ogasawara Trench
Izu-Ogasawara Trench (Izu-Bonin Trench), a 1,122 km Northwest Pacific trench where the Pacific plate subducts beneath the Philippine Sea plate at 45-56 mm/yr; 9,780 m deepest point in Japan, weakly coupled, largely aseismic boundary.
Jacques Cartier
Jacques Cartier (1491–1557), Saint-Malo navigator, made three voyages (1534, 1535–36, 1541–42) for Francis I, exploring the Gulf and River St. Lawrence, naming Canada, and founding Charlesbourg-Royal.
Jacumba Hot Springs, California
Jacumba Hot Springs, formerly known as Jacumba, is a small desert community in southeastern San Diego County, California, on the Mexican border, built around natural hot springs.
Jakarta Bay
Jakarta Bay is a shallow bay on the northwest coast of Java, Indonesia, immediately north of Jakarta, receiving untreated wastewater from about 20 million people and 2,050 industries.
James Bay
James Bay (Baie James) is the southern arm of Hudson Bay between Quebec and Ontario, site of Henry Hudson's 1610-11 wintering, the 16,527 MW James Bay hydroelectric project, and the 1975 James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement.
James River
James River: Virginia's largest watershed and longest river, renamed from the Powhatan Flu for King James I; site of Jamestown (1607), Richmond at the fall line, and the state's largest drinking water source serving 2.7 million people.
Japan Basin
Japan Basin (日本海盆), the deepest of the three deep basins of the Sea of Japan, near 4,000 m deep, with 8-10 km oceanic crust formed by Miocene back-arc spreading and source of Japan Sea Proper Water.
Japurá (river, Brazil)
Japurá, the Brazilian name of the Caquetá River, an Andean-origin Amazon tributary rising at Páramo de las Papas, Colombia; about 2,800 km long, discharging 18,620 m3/s into the Solimões near Tefé.
Jari
Jari (Rio Jari), Amazon left-bank tributary in Amapá and Pará, Brazil, about 800–950 km long, 57,000 km² basin; site of Daniel Ludwig's Jari Project cellulose enterprise and Santo Antônio dam.
Java Sea
The Java Sea (Laut Jawa) is a shallow Sunda Shelf sea between Borneo, Java, Sumatra, and Sulawesi, exposed during glacial lowstands, a major Indonesian fishing ground (FMA 712), and site of the 1942 Battle of the Java Sea.
Javary
Javary (Rio Javari, Río Yavarí), Amazon right tributary rising in Peruvian Andean foothills; forms the Brazil–Peru border for nearly its whole length, about 1,056 km, basin 91,000 km², home to the Vale do Javari Indigenous Territory with the largest confirmed concentration of uncontacted peoples.
Jequitinhonha
Jequitinhonha, Rio Jequitinhonha: Brazilian river rising in Minas Gerais' Espinhaço range, flowing 1,086 km to the Atlantic; 70,315 km² basin, historic diamond mining, Irapé dam, lithium boom.
Jermuk
Jermuk (Ջերմուկ), Armenian spa town in Vayots Dzor at 2,080 m, about 170 km from Yerevan, built on some 40 thermal mineral springs (57-64 °C) compared with Karlovy Vary; Soviet resort founded 1940, source of Jermuk bottled water.
Jervis Bay
Jervis Bay: temperate embayment (~124 km2) on the NSW south coast, about 200 km from Sydney. Protected by Jervis Bay Marine Park, Booderee National Park, and the Commonwealth Jervis Bay Territory.
Jhelum River
Jhelum River (Hydaspes; Sanskrit Vitasta), an Indus tributary flowing through the Kashmir valley into Pakistan, joining the Chenab at Trimmu; site of Alexander's 326 BCE battle, Mangla Dam, and a western river under the Indus Waters Treaty.
Jialing
Jialing (嘉陵江), major left-bank tributary of the upper Yangtze, ~1,120 km through Shaanxi, Gansu, Sichuan, Chongqing; largest Yangtze tributary by area (~160,000 km²), joins Yangtze at Chaotianmen, Chongqing; heavily dammed, moderate hydrologic alteration since 1985.
Jinsha
Jinsha (金沙江, Golden Sand River), upper Yangtze section, 2,308 km from Batang River estuary to Yibin; world's largest hydropower base with Baihetan Dam and major flow, sediment, and fish habitat changes.
Jiparaná
Jiparaná (Ji-Paraná, also rio Machado) is a 972-km river in Rondônia, Brazil, a tributary of the Madeira in the Amazon basin. Its 75,400 km² basin is heavily deforested in the south, with pasture area strongly predicting river chemistry.
Jog Falls (ಜೋಗ ಜಲಪಾತ)
Jog Falls (ಜೋಗ ಜಲಪಾತ), also Gerusoppa Falls or Jogada Gundi, is a 253 m plunge waterfall of the Sharavathi River in Shivamogga, Karnataka, with four cascades (Raja, Roarer, Rocket, Rani), regulated by the Linganamakki Dam.
John Cabot
John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto, Zuan Chabotto), Venetian-born Italian navigator sailing for Henry VII of England from Bristol; his 1497 voyage made the first known European landfall in North America since the Norse, and his 1498 expedition vanished.
Jökulsárlón
Jökulsárlón, the glacial river lagoon in southeast Iceland, formed around 1935 as the Breiðamerkurjökull outlet of Vatnajökull retreated; Iceland's deepest lake, tidal, iceberg-filled, in Vatnajökull National Park.
Jones Sound
Jones Sound: strait between Ellesmere and Devon islands in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, one of three main Arctic-to-Baffin Bay passages, 30 km wide, 190 m deep sill, 0.3 Sv flow, recurring polynya.
Jordan River
Jordan River (نهر الأردن): Middle East river flowing from Mount Hermon headwaters through the Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea; over 90 percent of flow diverted; governed by the 1994 Israel-Jordan peace treaty; distinct from Utah's Jordan River.
Joseph Bonaparte Gulf
Joseph Bonaparte Gulf: large shallow macrotidal inlet of the Timor Sea between the Kimberley (WA) and Arnhem Land (NT), 360 km wide, named by the French Baudin expedition; hosts the 8,597 km² Joseph Bonaparte Gulf Marine Park and a banana prawn fishery.
Juan de Fuca Ridge
The Juan de Fuca Ridge is a 500 km submarine mountain chain in the northeast Pacific where seafloor spreading separates the Pacific and Juan de Fuca Plates.
Juncaceae
Juncaceae, the rush family (Juncaceae Juss., 1789), is a Poales family of grass-like herbs with six tepals, six stamens, and loculicidal capsules; about 485 species in seven accepted genera including Juncus and Luzula, sister to Cyperaceae.
Juncus effusus
Juncus effusus, soft rush or common rush, a tufted Juncaceae wetland perennial to 120 cm with leafless stems and side-appearing inflorescences; widespread, weedy in grasslands, used for mats, restoration, and phytoremediation.
Jurua
Jurua (Rio Juruá), major whitewater Amazon tributary rising in Peru, about 3,280 km long, one of the Amazon Basin's most sinuous rivers; basin 224,000 km2, discharge about 9,000 m3/s, navigable from Cruzeiro do Sul.
Kadeï
Kadeï (Kadéï, Kadey): river of southeastern Cameroon and the Central African Republic, about 550 km long, joining the Mambéré at Nola to form the Sangha River of the Congo basin; drains the Kadey department around Batouri and suffers gold-mining pollution.
Kagera
The Kagera, also called the Akagera, is an East African river and the most remote headstream of the Nile, and the largest inflow to Lake Victoria.