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Toplumcu gerçekçilik
Toplumcu gerçekçilik, or socialist realism, is a Marxist literary and artistic method made official Soviet doctrine in 1934 and strong in Turkish literature from the 1930s to the 1980s.
Toplumcu roman
The toplumcu roman (socialist realist novel), also called toplumcu gerçekçilik, is the Turkish novel written in the socialist realist manner, dominant from the Meşrutiyet period until roughly the 1980s.
Toplumsal gerçekçi şiir
Toplumsal gerçekçi şiir is social realist poetry, a current of Turkish poetry treating workers and class relations from a Marxist standpoint, begun by Nâzım Hikmet.
TOPMODEL
TOPMODEL, a physically based semi-distributed rainfall-runoff model proposed by Keith Beven and Mike Kirkby in 1979, predicts streamflow using a topographic index and remains widely used in hydrology.
Topo Chico
Topo Chico is a carbonated mineral water bottled since 1895 at the Cerro del Topo Chico spring in Monterrey, Mexico, prized for its unusually strong carbonation.
Topo Gigio
Topo Gigio, Italian puppet mouse created by Maria Perego, debuted on RAI in 1959 with Domenico Modugno's voice and Peppino Mazzullo as its historic voice; famous on The Ed Sullivan Show and revived at Sanremo 2025.
Topochemical polymerization
Topochemical polymerization is a solvent-free solid-state polymerization in which monomers pre-organized in a crystal lattice react in place, so the packing dictates the polymer's architecture.
Topographic isolation
Topographic isolation measures a summit's distance to the nearest point of equal or higher elevation, complementing elevation and prominence; computed globally from DEMs by Kirmse and de Ferranti and accelerated by sweep-plane algorithms.
Topographic map
A topographic map shows the shape and elevation of terrain through contour lines, and in the United States is closely associated with the USGS, mapping since 1879.
Topographic mapping
Topographic mapping represents the three-dimensional shape of the land surface, most commonly with contour lines connecting points of equal elevation above a reference surface, usually mean sea level.
Topographic prominence
Topographic prominence, also called relative height or autonomous height, measures a summit's independence: how far it rises above the lowest col on the highest ridge to higher ground.
Topographic wetness index
The topographic wetness index (TWI) is a terrain-derived quantity, ln(a/tanβ), combining upslope contributing area and slope, developed by Keith Beven and M. J. Kirkby in 1979.
Topography
Topography is the configuration of a surface, usually the Earth's land surface and sea floor, describing elevation, relief, slope, landforms, and human-made features, classically shown with contour lines on topographic maps.
Topography of Terror
Topography of Terror (Topographie des Terrors), a free Berlin documentation centre opened in 1987 and rebuilt in 2010, on the former Gestapo, SS and Reich Security Main Office headquarters site, documenting Nazi persecution institutions and crimes.
Topoisomerase
Topoisomerase: enzymes that cut and rejoin DNA strands to manage supercoiling, knots, and catenanes. Type I nick one strand; type II (ATP-dependent) cut both. Human TOP1–TOP3; targets of quinolone antibiotics and anticancer drugs.
Topoisomerase inhibitor
Topoisomerase inhibitors block DNA strand-breaking enzymes; poisons trap cleavage complexes. Key drugs: camptothecin derivatives topotecan and irinotecan (Top1), etoposide, doxorubicin, mitoxantrone (Top2), and quinolone antibacterials targeting bacterial gyrase.
Topoisomerase V
Topoisomerase V is a DNA topoisomerase from the archaeal hyperthermophile Methanopyrus kandleri, the only known type IC enzyme, combining topoisomerase and DNA repair activities and working at 65 to 122°C.
Topoisomerase VI
Topoisomerase VI (topo VI) is an ATP-dependent type IIB DNA topoisomerase, first isolated from Sulfolobus shibatae in 1994 and built from two Top6A and two Top6B subunits.
Topolino
Topolino is the Italian name for Mickey Mouse and the title of a comic magazine. It began in 1932 and is the flagship of Italian Disney publishing.
Topolobampo II power station
Topolobampo II power station, also called the Central de Ciclo Combinado Noroeste, is a 917 MW gas-fired combined cycle plant in Sinaloa, Mexico, opened in 2019.
Topological acoustic insulator
A topological acoustic insulator is an artificial acoustic structure that blocks sound in its interior while carrying it along edges immune to backscattering, first demonstrated at Nanjing University in 2016.
Topological acoustic waveguide
A topological acoustic waveguide is an acoustic metamaterial or phononic crystal structure that guides sound along an edge, with topologically protected modes carrying waves around defects and bends without backscattering.
Topological acoustics
Topological acoustics is the design of acoustic metamaterials and phononic crystals whose band topology supports sound transport along boundaries robust against defects, with a landmark 2015 proposal using circulating fluid.
Topological Anderson insulator
A topological Anderson insulator is a quantum phase of matter in which random disorder turns a trivial insulator into a topological insulator with protected edge states.
Topological Anderson insulator in photonics
A topological Anderson insulator in photonics is a disordered photonic lattice in which disorder drives a trivial system into a topological one with protected edge states.
Topological bands in amorphous solids
Topological bands in amorphous solids are electronic, photonic, or mechanical band structures with nontrivial topology in materials lacking crystalline order, requiring only a mobility gap and characterized by real-space invariants like the Bott index.
Topological chiral crystals
Topological chiral crystals are crystalline solids whose lattice has a well-defined handedness, enforcing topological electronic behavior such as Kramers–Weyl fermions and helicoid Fermi arcs, first observed in 2019.
Topological combinatorics
Topological combinatorics is a branch of mathematics applying topological methods, chiefly the Borsuk–Ulam theorem, to problems in combinatorics, dating from Lovász's 1978 proof of the Kneser conjecture.
Topological crystalline insulator
Topological Crystalline Insulator (TCI) is a band insulator featuring metallic surface states protected by crystal symmetry rather than time-reversal symmetry. It was first realized in tin telluride in 2012.
Topological cyclic homology
Topological cyclic homology (TC) is a spectrum-valued invariant of rings, introduced in 1993 by Bökstedt, Hsiang, and Madsen as a computable approximation to algebraic K-theory via the cyclotomic trace.