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First Serbian Uprising (Први српски устанак)
First Serbian Uprising (Први српски устанак), also called the Serbian Revolution, was the 1804–1813 Serb revolt in the Pashalik of Belgrade led by Karađorđe against the Ottoman dahije, growing into an independence war with its own government before Ottoman reconquest in 1813.
First Sino-Japanese War (甲午战争)
First Sino-Japanese War (甲午战争; Japanese: 日清戦争), 1894–1895 war between Qing China and Meiji Japan over Korea, ending in Japan's victory, the Treaty of Shimonoseki, cession of Taiwan, and a 200-million-tael indemnity.
First Turkic Civil War
The First Turkic Civil War, also known as the Göktürk civil war, was the succession conflict after Taspar Qaghan died in 581 that permanently split the khaganate by 603.
First Vienna Award
The First Vienna Award, announced in Vienna on November 2, 1938, was a German-Italian arbitration transferring 11,927 km² of southern Slovakia from Czechoslovakia to Hungary.
First Winter Campaign
The First Winter Campaign was a five-month partisan raid by the Ukrainian People's Republic army behind Red Army and White lines from December 1919 to May 1920.
Flagstaff War
The Flagstaff War, also known as the Northern War, was an 1845–1846 conflict in New Zealand's Bay of Islands between Ngāpuhi chief Hōne Heke and British forces.
Flămânda Offensive
The Flămânda Offensive, or Flămânda Maneuver, was a Romanian military operation fought in 1916. Led by General Alexandru Averescu, its failure left Romania in a precarious strategic position.
Flanders Fields
Flanders Fields: the First World War battlefields of West Flanders, Belgium, 1914–1918, centred on Ypres; name from McCrae's 1915 poem "In Flanders Fields", source of the remembrance poppy and Menin Gate, Tyne Cot memorials.
Flight of the Wild Geese
Flight of the Wild Geese: the 1691 departure of about 14,000 Irish Jacobite soldiers under Patrick Sarsfield to France after the Treaty of Limerick, later known as the Wild Geese serving in European armies.
Flixborough disaster
Flixborough disaster: 1 June 1974 vapour cloud explosion at the Nypro (UK) cyclohexane oxidation plant, North Lincolnshire, after rupture of a temporary 20-inch bypass; 28 killed, 36 injured, plant destroyed.
Florence Green
Florence Green (Florence Beatrice Patterson, 1901–2012), British Women's Royal Air Force mess stewardess in Norfolk, generally considered the last verified World War I veteran; recognized in 2010, died aged 110 at King's Lynn.
Flour Massacre
Flour Massacre: Israeli forces' killing of Palestinian aid-seekers on 29 February 2024 at the Nabulsi Roundabout on Al-Rashid Street, Gaza City, during a flour convoy distribution; 104-118 reported killed, amid famine conditions in northern Gaza.
Football War
Football War, also Soccer War or Hundred Hours' War (La Guerra del Fútbol), the 14–18 July 1969 war between El Salvador and Honduras, triggered in name by 1970 World Cup qualifiers but rooted in land, migration, and border disputes.
Force 136
Force 136 was the Far East branch of Britain's Special Operations Executive during World War II, gathering intelligence and supporting resistance in Japanese-occupied Asia from 1941.
Forced labour camps in Communist Bulgaria
Forced labour camps in Communist Bulgaria, formally called labor-educational communes (Trudovo-vazpitatelno obshtezhitie, TVO), were detention facilities where people were held without trial from 1944 until the late 1980s.
Forced labour under German rule during World War II
Forced labor under Nazi Germany (Zwangsarbeit): mass exploitation of over 20 million foreign civilians, POWs, and camp prisoners 1939–1945, organized by race, with compensation only from 2000.
Foreign involvement in the Myanmar civil war (2021–present)
Foreign involvement in the Myanmar civil war since the 2021 coup: Russia and China arm the junta ($406m and $267m in UN-documented flows), Thailand and India hedge, ASEAN leads limited diplomacy via the Five-Point Consensus, and Western states sanction the junta while engaging the NUG.
Foreign involvement in the Sudanese civil war (2023–present)
Foreign involvement in the Sudanese civil war (2023–present): external military and financial backing of the SAF (Egypt, Iran, Russia, Turkey, Saudi Arabia) versus the RSF (UAE, via Chad and gold networks), and its prolonging of the war.
Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war
Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war: Iran, Russia, Turkey, the US, and Israel intervened from 2011; Russia's 2015 intervention preserved Assad, the Astana process dominated diplomacy, and Assad fell in December 2024, after which US forces withdrew and Russia's bases were reorganized.
Fort Mims massacre
The Fort Mims massacre was the August 30, 1813 attack in which about 700 Red Stick Creek warriors stormed a fort near Mobile, Alabama, killing at least 250 people.
Fort Robinson Breakout
The Fort Robinson Breakout, also known as the Fort Robinson Massacre, was the January 1879 escape of Northern Cheyenne from confinement at Fort Robinson, Nebraska.
Fort Sumter
Fort Sumter, sea fort on an artificial island in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, begun 1829; site of the Civil War's first battle, April 12-14, 1861, and the 1863-65 siege.
Fort Ticonderoga
Fort Ticonderoga, built by the French as Fort Carillon 1755-1757 at the Lake George-Lake Champlain portage in New York; site of the 1758 Battle of Carillon, captured by Amherst in 1759, by Allen and Arnold in 1775, now a museum.
Fort Wagner
Fort Wagner, also Battery Wagner, was a Confederate earthwork on Morris Island guarding Charleston Harbor. Built 1862, it repulsed Union assaults on July 11 and July 18, 1863, the latter led by the 54th Massachusetts with Colonel Shaw killed, before falling to siege in September 1863.
Forty Years' War
The Forty Years' War (Burmese: အနှစ်လေးဆယ်စစ်) was a conflict between the Kingdom of Ava and the Hanthawaddy kingdom of Pegu, fought in what is now Myanmar from 1385 to 1424.
Forty-seven rōnin (四十七士)
Forty-seven rōnin (四十七士, Akō rōshi), the Akō retainers who killed Kira Yoshinaka in Edo in 1702–03 to avenge their lord Asano Naganori; sentenced to seppuku, immortalized as Chūshingura.
Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War
The Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War (1895–1896) was a British expedition against the Asante Empire in present-day Ghana that occupied Kumasi without fighting and deposed King Prempeh I.
Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799) was the final East India Company war against Tipu Sultan of Mysore, ending with the storming of Seringapatam on 4 May 1799, Tipu's death, and Mysore's partition under British control.
Fourth Crusade
Fourth Crusade (1202–1204), crusade called by Pope Innocent III to retake Jerusalem; diverted via Zara to Constantinople, which it sacked on 12 April 1204, creating the Latin Empire until Byzantine restoration in 1261.
Fourth Spanish Armada
Fourth Spanish Armada: Spain's 1597 invasion expedition under Martín de Padilla, Adelantado de Castilla, third armada of the Anglo-Spanish War after 1588 and 1596; it nearly reached Falmouth, England being undefended, but a gale scattered it and 108 of 136 ships returned.