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Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (د افغانستان اسلامي امارت) (1996–2001)
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (د افغانستان اسلامي امارت), the Taliban state of 1996–2001 under Mullah Omar as amir al-mu'minin; controlled about 90% of Afghanistan, unrecognized by the US, sanctioned by the UN in 1999, overthrown in the October 2001 invasion.
Islamic Front (الجبهة الإسلامية) (Syria)
Islamic Front (الجبهة الإسلامية): Syrian rebel coalition of seven Islamist factions, including Ahrar al-Sham and Jaish al-Islam, formed 22 November 2013; sought an Islamic state under sharia, rejected democracy, and dissolved after 2014.
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU), jihadist group founded 1998 by Tahir Yuldashev and Juma Namangani to overthrow Karimov and impose sharia; fought with Taliban and al-Qaeda from Afghan and Pakistani exile, split off the IJU, and pledged allegiance to Islamic State Khorasan Province in 2015.
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2004-2021): the U.S.-backed state created by the 2004 constitution under the Bonn process, led by Karzai and Ghani, with Pashto and Dari official; collapsed 15 August 2021 when the Taliban entered Kabul.
Islamic State (الدولة الإسلامية)
The Islamic State (الدولة الإسلامية), also ISIS, ISIL, or Daesh: a Sunni jihadist group descended from al-Qaeda in Iraq that declared a caliphate in 2014, ruled a third of Syria and 40 percent of Iraq, and since its 2019 defeat has persisted as an insurgent network with affiliates centered in Africa.
Islamic State insurgency in Puntland
Islamic State insurgency in Puntland: Islamic State in Somalia (ISS/ISIS-Somalia), founded October 2015 by Abdulqadir Mumin's defection from Al-Shabaab, based in the Cal Miskaad mountains, Bari region; a global ISIL financial hub fought by Puntland's Operation Hilaac since December 2024.
Islamic State of Afghanistan (دولت اسلامی افغانستان)
Islamic State of Afghanistan (دولت اسلامی افغانستان), the state proclaimed April 1992 after the Republic fell, led by Rabbani and Massoud's United Front, retained the UN seat against the Taliban's Emirate until the 2001 Bonn Agreement.
Islamic State of Iraq (دولة العراق الإسلامية)
Islamic State of Iraq (دولة العراق الإسلامية, ISI), declared 15 October 2006 by al-Qaeda in Iraq's Mujahideen Shura Council under Abu Omar al-Baghdadi; predecessor of ISIS, suppressed 2007-2010, renamed ISIS in 2013.
Islamic State–Taliban conflict
Islamic State–Taliban conflict: the armed rivalry between the Afghan Taliban and Islamic State Khorasan Province (ISKP, ISIS-K), begun January 2015 in Nangarhar, continuing as an ISKP terror campaign against Taliban rule after August 2021.
Islamic terrorism
Islamic terrorism, also called jihadist or Islamist terrorism, is violence justified in Islamic religious terms by groups such as al-Qaeda and the Islamic State; contested terminology, post-1979 Afghan origins, and 2025 GTI figures of 5,582 deaths distinguish it.
Islamic terrorism in Europe
Islamic terrorism in Europe: jihadist violence from the 1994 GIA Air France hijacking through the 2004 Madrid bombing, the 2015-2016 IS attacks, and current low-level attacks dominating EU terrorist incidents and arrests.
Islamist insurgency in Benin
Islamist insurgency in Benin: JNIM and Islamic State Sahel attacks in Atacora, Alibori, Borgou, and Donga since the May 2019 first attack, escalating from 2021, with rising deaths, displacement, and military response.
Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus
The April 1, 2024 Israeli airstrike destroyed Iran's consulate annex in Damascus's Mezzeh district, killing IRGC Quds Force commander Mohammad Reza Zahedi and other officers, and prompting Iran's first direct missile-and-drone attack on Israel.
Israeli attack on Doha
Israeli attack on Doha, 9 September 2025: IDF and Shin Bet airstrike on Hamas's negotiating leadership in West Bay Lagoon, Qatar, killing six including Qatari corporal; Hamas leaders survived; first Israeli strike in the Persian Gulf.
Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip
Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip: recurring IDF air campaigns since the 2005 withdrawal, including the 2008, 2012, 2014, 2021, and October 2023 wars, their targeting methods, casualty figures, legal findings, and humanitarian consequences.
Israeli government response to the October 7 attacks
Israeli government response to the October 7, 2023 Hamas attack: the Gaza military operation and siege, hostage policy, UN findings of war crimes, IDF self-inquiry, and the disputed state commission of inquiry.
Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the Gaza war
Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the Gaza war: IDF raids, airstrikes, and operations such as Summer Camps (2024) and Iron Wall (2025), plus settler violence, displacement, and permit revocations after 7 October 2023.
Israeli infiltration of an Iranian nuclear archive
The Israeli infiltration of an Iranian nuclear archive ("atomic archive") was a January 31, 2018 Mossad raid that removed some 55,000 documents on Iran's Project Amad weapons program from a Tehran Shorabad warehouse, disclosed by Netanyahu in April 2018 and used by the IAEA.
Israeli invasion of Syria (2024–present)
Israeli invasion of Syria (2024–present): military campaign begun 8 December 2024 after Assad's fall, with buffer zone seizure, 460 km2 occupation, hundreds of airstrikes, village displacement, and US-mediated talks.
Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon (2026)
Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon (2026): the IDF-held "Yellow Line" zone up to 10 km deep, about 6% of Lebanese territory, seized in the March 2026 Israel-Hezbollah war and retained through the April and June ceasefires and the 26 June trilateral framework agreement.
Israeli occupation of the Gaza Strip
Israeli occupation of the Gaza Strip: military rule since the June 1967 war, 21 settlements until the 2005 disengagement, then continued control of borders, airspace, and sea. Contested status: ICRC and the ICJ treat Gaza as occupied; Israel says occupation ended in 2005.
Israeli war crimes in the Gaza war
Israeli war crimes in the Gaza war: UN Commission of Inquiry findings (June 2024 war crimes; September 2025 genocide), ICJ South Africa v. Israel case, ICC Palestine situation, HRW displacement documentation, and Israel's rebuttals.
Israeli–Lebanese conflict
Israeli–Lebanese conflict: armed conflict since 1948 between Israel and Lebanon, chiefly the PLO until 1982 and Hezbollah after, spanning the 1982 invasion, 2006 war, UNSCR 1701, and the November 2024 ceasefire.
Israeli–Palestinian conflict
The Israeli–Palestinian conflict is a century-old political and armed struggle over land between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean, centered on Jerusalem, refugees, settlements, borders, and security.
Istämi's western campaigns
Istämi's western campaigns were the operations of Istämi Yabgu, ruler of the western First Turkic Khaganate, that destroyed the Hephthalites and allied with Byzantium against Persia.
Italian campaign (World War II)
The Italian campaign (July 10, 1943 to May 2, 1945) was the Allied invasion of Sicily and mainland Italy in World War II, fought at Salerno, Monte Cassino, and Anzio, toppling Mussolini, liberating Rome on June 4, 1944, and ending with the German surrender two days after Berlin's collapse.
Italian campaign of 1796–1797
The Italian campaign of 1796–1797 (First Italian Campaign): Napoleon Bonaparte, 26 and in his first command, led the Army of Italy from Montenotte, Lodi, Castiglione, Arcole, and Rivoli to the siege of Mantua, ending the War of the First Coalition at Campo Formio.
Italian concentration camps in Libya
The Italian concentration camps in Libya were sixteen camps in Cyrenaica where Fascist Italy interned about 110,000 nomads from 1929 to 1934, and starvation killed at least a third of the population.
Italian invasion of France
Italian invasion of France, June 1940 offensive in the Battle of the Alps: Italy declared war 10 June, attacked 15-21 June, was repelled by General Olry's Armée des Alpes, and gained only a small Menton occupation zone by the 24 June armistice.
Italian protectorate of Albania
The Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943) was a puppet state created after Italy invaded on April 7, 1939, uniting Albania with Italy under Victor Emmanuel III.