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Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period: texts, inscriptions, and institutions

61 articles

Khaset (nome)

Khaset was the sixth nome, or province, of Lower Egypt in ancient Egypt, bearing the Mountain bull emblem and centered on its capital Khasu, the Greek Xois.

Khufu Statuette

The Khufu Statuette is a small ivory figure of King Khufu, builder of the Great Pyramid, the only surviving three-dimensional image of him bearing his name.

Letter of Pepi II to Harkhuf

The Letter of Pepi II to Harkhuf is a royal letter from young king Pepi II to the official Harkhuf, the oldest surviving royal letter in Egyptian history.

Letters to the Dead

Letters to the Dead are ancient Egyptian petitions written to recently deceased relatives, asking their help with illness, inheritance disputes, or the birth of an heir.

Maxims of Ptahhotep

The Maxims of Ptahhotep, also called the Instruction of Ptahhotep, is an Egyptian wisdom text of thirty-seven maxims attributed to the aged vizier Ptahhotep, though scholars date its composition to the Twelfth Dynasty.

Nekhen nome

The Nekhen nome, also called the Hierakonpolite nome, was the third nome of Upper Egypt, an administrative division centered on Nekhen, known in Greek as Hierakonpolis, near Edfu.

Ninth Dynasty of Egypt

The Ninth Dynasty of Egypt, or 9th Dynasty, was a line of kings who ruled Lower Egypt from Herakleopolis during the First Intermediate Period, until defeated by Mentuhotep II.

Nome (Egypt)

A nome, called sepat in Egyptian, was the basic provincial division of ancient Egypt, traditionally 42 in number and used from the 2nd Dynasty into the Roman period.

Overseer of cattle

The Overseer of cattle (imy-r ih.w) was an ancient Egyptian official title for the head of the state's cattle administration, attested from 2345 to 1150 BCE.

Overseer of royal works

The overseer of royal works, Egyptian imy-r k3t nbt nt nswt, was a senior Old Kingdom office organizing labor and resources for royal projects, above all pyramids.

Overseer of the treasuries

The overseer of the treasuries was an ancient Egyptian official in charge of the state treasury, attested from the First Dynasty into the New Kingdom.

Priestess of Hathor

Priestess of Hathor, also translated Prophetess of Hathor, was a title held by women serving the goddess Hathor in ancient Egypt, attested from 2686 BCE.

Raherka and Meresankh

Raherka and Meresankh is a painted limestone pair statue of an Old Kingdom official, an inspector of scribes, and his wife, held in the Louvre since 1938.

Reserve head

A reserve head (Giza reserve heads) is a portrait-like limestone head buried in the substructure of Old Kingdom mastaba tombs at Giza, made mostly during Khufu's Fourth Dynasty reign.

Royal Annals of Egypt

The Royal Annals of Egypt are annalistic records of Egyptian kings surviving in seven stone fragments, of which the Palermo Stone is the best known.

Saqqara Bird

The Saqqara Bird is a small sycamore wooden bird figurine found in 1898 in a tomb at Saqqara, Egypt, dated to about 200 BC and held in Cairo's Egyptian Museum.

Seal-bearer of the King of Lower Egypt

Seal-bearer of the King of Lower Egypt (ḫtm.tj-bj.tj) is a high-ranking ancient Egyptian court title held by senior royal officials from the early dynastic period onward.

Seated Scribe

The Seated Scribe, also known as the Squatting Scribe, is a painted limestone statue of an Egyptian scribe in the Louvre, found at Saqqara in 1850.

Seventh Dynasty of Egypt

The Seventh Dynasty of Egypt (Dynasty 7) is a hypothetical dynasty of ancient Egyptian kings conventionally dated to about 2181 BC, known only from Manetho's tradition.

Sixth Dynasty of Egypt

The Sixth Dynasty of Egypt was the last dynasty of the Old Kingdom, a line of Memphite kings who ruled roughly 180 years, from Teti to Pepi II.

Sole Companion

Sole Companion, or smr wʿty, was a high ancient Egyptian court rank meaning 'sole friend of the king', attested from 2800 BCE to 324 CE.

South Saqqara Stone

The South Saqqara Stone is a 6th Dynasty Egyptian royal annals inscription on a basalt slab, found in 1932–33 in Pepi II's pyramid complex at South Saqqara.

Statue of Djoser

The Statue of Djoser is a painted limestone statue of the Third Dynasty king Djoser, found at Saqqara in 1924 and the oldest known life-size Egyptian statue.

Statue of Seneb

The Statue of Seneb is a painted limestone Old Kingdom sculpture of the dwarf official Seneb with his wife and children, found at Giza and kept in Cairo.

Statuette of Neferefre

The statuette of Neferefre is a seated limestone statue of the Fifth Dynasty king Raneferef, found broken in his mortuary temple at Abusir and now in Cairo.

Stela of Irtisen

The Stela of Irtisen is a limestone funerary stela of the sculptor Irtysen, made at Abydos around 2000 BC and held in the Louvre since 1838.

Sun temple (Egyptian)

Dedicated to the sun god Ra, the Egyptian sun temple was a Fifth Dynasty royal sanctuary. Six were known from sources, but only two have been excavated.

Tenth Dynasty of Egypt

The Tenth Dynasty of Egypt, also called Dynasty 10, was a royal house based at Heracleopolis during the First Intermediate Period, rivaling the Theban Eleventh Dynasty until Mentuhotep II reunified Egypt.

Third Dynasty of Egypt

The Third Dynasty of Egypt, also written Dynasty 3, was an early Old Kingdom royal house, c. 2687–2632 BC, whose king Djoser built the first pyramid.

Triad of Menkaure

The Triads of Menkaure are greywacke statues of the Fourth Dynasty king Menkaure flanked by Hathor and a nome personification, found at Giza in 1908.