228 articles
Mukannishum
Mukannišum was the steward, or keeper of the palace stores, at Mari under King Zimri-Lim in the 18th century BC, known from cuneiform tablets in the Mari archives.
Mushkenum
Mushkenum (muškēnum) is a person's status in Old Babylonian law codes of about 2000–1600 BC, ranked between the free awīlum and the enslaved wardum, and long debated by Assyriologists.
Naditu
Naditu (Nadītum, LUKUR) was an Old Babylonian-period woman dedicated to gods in cities like Sippar, a legal status allowing her to buy real estate, lease land, and lend silver.
Naplanum
Naplanum (Naplanûm) is the figure the Larsa King List names as the first ruler of Larsa, credited with a 21-year reign c. 2025–2005 BC that no contemporary record confirms.
Naram-Sin of Eshnunna
Narām-Sîn of Eshnunna was a king of Eshnunna who reigned around 1810–1801 BC, conquering lands along the Tigris and Euphrates and forcing Mari into a treaty.
Ninšatapada
Ninšatapada was an Old Babylonian princess of Uruk, a woman scribe and priestess of the divine Meslamtaea at Durum, daughter of King Sîn-kāšid, who flourished around 1800 BCE.
Ninurta-Pāqidāt's Dog Bite
Ninurta-Pāqidāt's Dog Bite is a comic Akkadian tale on a Neo-Babylonian tablet from Uruk, in which a man healed of a dog bite is driven from Nippur.
Nippur Old Babylonian tablets
The Nippur Old Babylonian tablets are cuneiform tablets excavated at Nippur in southern Iraq, dated roughly 2000 to 1600 BC, including Sumerian literature, school exercises, and legal contracts.
Nur-Adad
Nur-Adad, also written Nūr-Adad, was the eighth king of the Larsa dynasty in southern Iraq, reigning 16 years from 1865 to 1850 BC and known for temple building at Ur and Eridu.
Nur-ahum
Nur-ahum (Nūr-aḫum) was an early governor (ensi) of the Mesopotamian city-state of Eshnunna around 2000 BC, known almost entirely from seal inscriptions found at Tell Asmar.
Old Assyrian eponymate
The Old Assyrian eponymate, also called the limmu system, named each year after a yearly official at Assur, dating the trade archives at Kültepe from Erishum I's reign onward.
Old Assyrian limmu list
The Old Assyrian limmu list, also called the Kültepe Eponym List, is a cuneiform text naming the officials who gave their names to Assyrian years, c. 2000–1800 BCE.
Old Assyrian period
The Old Assyrian period, also known as Old Assyria, was the era when Assur was an independent city-state whose merchants traded tin and textiles to Anatolia.
Old Assyrian trade archive
The Old Assyrian trade archive, also called the Cappadocian or Kültepe tablets, is a corpus of about 23,500 cuneiform tablets found at Kültepe, Turkey, the ancient city of Kanesh.
Old Assyrian trade network
The Old Assyrian trade network was a system of Assyrian merchant colonies in central Anatolia, centered at Kanesh, selling tin and textiles for silver and gold.
Old Babylonian Gilgamesh tablets
The Old Babylonian Gilgamesh tablets are the earliest substantial Akkadian versions of the Epic of Gilgamesh, written on clay around 1900–1600 BC, chiefly the Pennsylvania and Yale tablets.
Old Babylonian house archives of Ur
The Old Babylonian house archives of Ur are private family and business cuneiform tablet collections found in houses at Ur, Iraq, from the 19th and 18th centuries BC.
Old Babylonian mathematical tablets
Old Babylonian mathematical tablets are cuneiform tablets carrying mathematics in Mesopotamia from roughly 2000 to 1600 BC, mostly written in scribal schools as table texts and problem texts.
Old Babylonian royal inscriptions
Old Babylonian royal inscriptions are building, votive, and commemorative cuneiform texts carved by kings of the early second millennium BC, including Hammurabi, on bricks, tablets, prisms, and stone objects across Babylonia.
Old Babylonian school tablets
Old Babylonian school tablets, also called edubba tablets, are clay exercise tablets made by students in Babylonian scribal schools, preserving how scribes learned cuneiform, Sumerian, and arithmetic.
Old Babylonian treaty texts
Old Babylonian treaty texts are diplomatic agreements of the early second millennium BC in which rulers of Mari, Babylon, and Eshnunna bound themselves by oaths sworn before the gods.
Peruwa
Peruwa was a wealthy native Anatolian dignitary of Kanesh during the Old Assyrian colony period, known from his household archive and fourteen-roomed residence with iron ingots.
Peshgaldaramesh
Peshgaldaramesh, also written Pešgaldarameš, was a king of the First Sealand Dynasty in 16th-century BC southern Mesopotamia, son of Gulkišar, known from a 474-tablet archive.
Plimpton 322
Plimpton 322 is an Old Babylonian clay tablet from around 1800 BCE whose fifteen rows of numbers form Pythagorean triples; it is held at Columbia University.
Proclamation of Ammi-ṣaduqa
The Proclamation of Ammi-ṣaduqa, or Edict of Ammi-ṣaduqa, is the mēšarum debt-remission edict of Babylonian king Ammi-ṣaduqa, issued in 1646 BC, canceling debts and freeing debt-servants.
Pushu-ken
Pushu-ken, also written Pušu-kēn, was an Old Assyrian merchant at Kanesh, modern Kültepe, Turkey, who headed an extensive trading firm there in the 19th century BC.
Puzur-Ashur I
Puzur-Ashur I (Puzur-Aššur I) was an early independent ruler of the city-state of Assur around 2025 BC, father of Šalim-aḫum and ancestor of the native kings Ilušuma and Erišum I.
Puzur-Ashur II
Puzur-Ashur II (Puzur-Aššur II) was an early Old Assyrian king of Ashur, reigning about eight years around 1865–1857 BC, son of Sargon I and father of Naram-Sin.
Puzur-Sin
Puzur-Sin was a ruler of Assur shortly after Shamshi-Adad I who deposed Asinum, ending that dynasty's control, and is known solely from a single inscribed stone tablet.
Rebellion of Samsu-iluna against Iluma-ilum
The rebellion of Samsu-iluna against Iluma-ilum was the revolt of southern Babylonia around 1742–1731 BCE, in which Iluma-ilum founded the Sealand dynasty that ruled the far south until about 1475 BCE.