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Criminal law and penal justice

3,576 articles

Christian Longo

Christian Michael Longo is an American murderer who killed his wife and three children on the Oregon coast in December 2001 and was sentenced to death.

Christian Schwarzenegger

Christian Schwarzenegger, Swiss criminal law and criminology professor at the University of Zurich, its Vice President Faculty Affairs since 2014, stepping down 31 July 2026 to become Universitas 21 provost; not the Augsburg media scholar of the same name.

Christie Michelle Scott

Christie Michelle Scott (born 1978) is an Alabama death row inmate convicted of capital murder for the 2008 house fire that killed her six-year-old son Mason in Russellville; her jury recommended life, but Judge Terry Dempsey overrode it and sentenced her to death in 2009.

Christine and Léa Papin

Christine and Léa Papin, French maids who murdered their employer's wife and daughter in Le Mans on 2 February 1933; tried September 1933; the case inspired Genet's The Maids and Lacan's analysis.

Christine Paolilla

Christine Marie Paolilla, American woman convicted of capital murder in the 2003 Clear Lake Massacre in Houston, Texas, where she and boyfriend Christopher Snider killed four friends; convicted 2008, sentenced to life, appeal affirmed 2011.

Christman Genipperteinga

Christman Genipperteinga is a legendary German bandit and serial killer of 1581 pamphlets, said to have murdered 964 people before his execution in the Rhineland.

Christopher Coke

Christopher "Dudus" Coke, Jamaican drug lord and Shower Posse leader from Tivoli Gardens, West Kingston, led the gang from 1992 until his 2010 extradition, which triggered the deadly Tivoli incursion; he is serving 23 years in the US, due for release January 2028.

Christopher Paul Neil

Christopher Paul Neil, known as Mr Swirl, is a Canadian former English teacher identified through INTERPOL's first global public appeal and arrested in Thailand in 2007.

Christopher Scarver

Christopher Scarver, also known as Christopher J. Scarver Sr., is an American convicted murderer serving three life sentences for killing Jeffrey Dahmer and Jesse Anderson in 1994.

Christopher Vialva

Christopher Andre Vialva (c. 1981-2020), American federal death-row prisoner executed September 24, 2020 at Terre Haute for the 1999 carjacking murders of Todd and Stacie Bagley near Fort Hood, Texas; first African American executed in the modern federal death penalty era.

Christopher Wilder

Christopher Bernard Wilder (1945–1984), the "Beauty Queen Killer" or "Snapshot Killer," was an Australian-born American real estate investor and race car driver who posed as a photographer to abduct and murder young women in a 1984 US spree, dying in New Hampshire.

Christy Kinahan

Christy Kinahan (Christopher Vincent Kinahan Sr., the 'Dapper Don'), Irish founder of the Kinahan Organised Crime Group, a Dubai-based drug-trafficking cartel sanctioned by the US in April 2022 with $5 million rewards; no criminal charges, UAE visa cancelled 2026.

CIA black sites

CIA black sites were secret overseas detention facilities of the post-9/11 CIA rendition, detention, and interrogation program, confirmed in Poland, Romania, Lithuania, and Thailand, ended by Executive Order 13491 in January 2009 and documented in the 6,700-page Senate torture study.

Cindy Rodriguez Singh

Cindy Rodriguez Singh, also spelled Rodriguez-Singh, is a Texas woman charged with capital murder in the death of her son Noel Rodriguez-Alvarez; she fled to India in 2023, was FBI Ten Most Wanted fugitive #537, and was captured in India in 2025.

Circumstantial evidence

Circumstantial evidence, also called indirect evidence, proves a fact by inference rather than directly. Distinguished from direct evidence; treated as equal in weight; sufficient for conviction when circumstances form an unbroken, consistent chain.

Clan del Golfo

Clan del Golfo (Gulf Clan), also AGC/Urabeños and since 2024 Ejército Gaitanista de Colombia, is Colombia's largest illegal armed drug-trafficking group, founded in 2006 from AUC paramilitary remnants, active in hundreds of municipalities.

Claremont serial killings

Claremont serial killings: 1996-97 Perth disappearances of Sarah Spiers, Jane Rimmer and Ciara Glennon; Bradley Robert Edwards convicted in 2020 of two murders after Operation Macro, Australia's longest unsolved murder investigation.

Clarence Earl Gideon

Clarence Earl Gideon, Florida drifter whose 1961 burglary trial without counsel led to Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), the unanimous Supreme Court ruling that states must appoint lawyers for indigent felony defendants.

Clark Olofsson

Clark Olofsson (Daniel Demuynck), 1947–2025, Swedish career criminal and bank robber brought from prison into the 1973 Norrmalmstorg hostage drama that gave rise to the term Stockholm syndrome; later drug smuggler, subject of Netflix's Clark.

Clark Perry Baldwin

Clark Perry Baldwin (born 1961), Iowa long-haul trucker and accused serial killer, charged in the 1991 murder of pregnant Pamela McCall in Tennessee and two 1992 Wyoming murders (Bitter Creek Betty/Irene Vasquez, I-90 Jane Doe/Cindi Arleen Estrada); identified 2020 via genetic genealogy, convicted 2025, died July 2025.

Claudia Ochoa Félix

Claudia Ochoa Félix (1987–2019), Mexican influencer known as La Emperatriz de los Ántrax and the Kim Kardashian of the narco, was reported to lead the Sinaloa Cartel's Los Ántrax, denied it, and died of bronchoaspiration in Culiacán in 2019.

Claudius Vermilye

Claudius I. Vermilye, Jr. (died June 22, 2018), American Episcopal priest defrocked after his 1977 conviction for sexually exploiting boys at Boys Farm, Inc. in Monteagle, Tennessee; appeal Vermilye v. State, 584 S.W.2d 226 (Tenn. 1979), affirmed a 25-to-40-year sentence.

Clay family murders

Clay family murders: March 28, 1988 Nashville killings of Angela Clay and daughters Latoya and Lakeisha by Byron Lewis Black, Angela's boyfriend; he was sentenced to death and executed in 2025.

Clay Shaw

Clay Lavergne Shaw (1913–1974), New Orleans businessman and International Trade Mart director; only person tried for conspiracy in the JFK assassination; acquitted in 1969; CIA domestic contact 1948–1956.

Clayton Fountain

Clayton Anthony Fountain (1955-2004), US Marine-turned-federal prisoner, killed five people including Officer Robert Hoffmann at USP Marion on October 22, 1983, triggering Marion's permanent lockdown and the supermax model, then converted to Catholicism in isolation.

Clem Grogan

Steve "Clem" Grogan, Manson Family member and Spahn Ranch hand, convicted of murdering Donald "Shorty" Shea in 1969; death sentence reduced to life in 1971, paroled November 1985 after helping locate Shea's body.

Clementine Barnabet

Clementine Barnabet (born c. 1894) was an Afro-Creole Louisiana woman convicted in 1912 for "Voodoo" ax murders of Black families; confessions conflicted with the murder timeline, and her guilt is debated.

Clerkenwell crime syndicate

The Clerkenwell crime syndicate, also called the Adams Family or A-Team, is an alleged London organised crime group based in Islington and Clerkenwell, led by brothers Terry, Patsy and Tommy Adams, active from the 1980s in extortion, armed robbery, drug trafficking, and money laundering.

Cleveland crime family

The Cleveland crime family, also called the Porrello crime family or Cleveland mafia, is an American Mafia organization based in Cleveland, Ohio, arising from the Mayfield Road Mob.

Cleveland Torso Murderer

The Cleveland Torso Murderer, or Mad Butcher of Kingsbury Run, was an unidentified serial killer who decapitated and dismembered 12–13 people in Cleveland, Ohio, 1934–1938. Only Edward Andrassy, Flo Polillo, and Rose Wallace were identified; Eliot Ness led the unsolved investigation.