edgepedia

Criminal law and penal justice

3,576 articles

Corruption in Nigeria

Corruption in Nigeria: abuse of entrusted power for private gain spanning bribery, embezzlement, and patronage since 1960. CPI score 26/100, rank 142/182; agencies EFCC, ICPC, CCB; 2024 bribery rates up to 67% for police assistance.

Counterfeit money

Counterfeit money is illegally produced currency imitating genuine notes or coins. Covers history, UK/US/euro/Russia incidence figures, detection methods, and laws like the Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981.

Craig Price (murderer)

Craig Price (born 1974), the "Slasher of Warwick," is a Rhode Island juvenile serial killer who murdered four neighbors in 1987 and 1989 starting at age 13; his case forced Rhode Island to allow juveniles to be tried as adults.

Credit card fraud

Credit card fraud is the unauthorized use of a card or its account data, spanning counterfeit cards, lost or stolen cards, and remote card-not-present misuse. Global losses reached $33.83 billion in 2023, with EMV chips curbing counterfeit fraud and shifting losses to remote channels.

Crime

Crime: conduct prohibited and punished by state criminal law, studied by criminology. Defined legally (Sutherland's two criteria), measured via official records, victimization surveys, and self-reports, with a large dark figure of underreporting; global homicide fell 14 percent, 2015–2024.

Crime boss

Crime boss: the leader of a criminal organization such as a Mafia family or cartel. Also called godfather or Don. Directs operations, takes a share of subordinate revenue; succession often by violence; targets of RICO prosecutions.

Crime drop

Crime drop: the sustained decline in US and international crime rates beginning around 1993 after a peak in 1992. Explanations include policing, incarceration, the crack epidemic's waning, abortion legalization, lead removal, and security, with 2024-2025 FBI data showing record-low homicide rates.

Crime fiction

Crime fiction, also called murder mystery fiction, is a genre of fiction in which a crime, most often a murder, is central to the narrative and its investigation.

Crime film

Crime film: umbrella genre of movies centered on crime, covering gangster, noir, detective, courtroom, prison, and heist films; built on criminal, victim, and avenger figures, from 1903's The Great Train Robbery to today's streaming boom.

Crime in Australia

Crime in Australia is measured through ABS police-recorded crime statistics and national victimisation surveys. In 2024-25, 3.9% of persons aged 15+ experienced a selected personal crime; most rates declined over the decade.

Crime in Baltimore

Crime in Baltimore covers the city's homicide and violent crime patterns: a 2015 post-Freddie Gray spike, declines since 2022, record-low 2025 violent crime, 50 homicides by mid-2026, and consent decree reforms.

Crime in Brazil

Crime in Brazil: the world's highest homicide count (47,060 in 2023, Igarapé), a 2017 peak of 65,602, decline attributed to aging population, PCC-Comando Vermelho truce, and state policies; femicides and police killings rising.

Crime in Canada

Crime in Canada is tracked by Statistics Canada's Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (since 1962) and the Crime Severity Index (introduced 2009, base 2006=100). CSI fell to 75.01 in 2025; 672 homicides; 29% of victimizations reported to police in 2019.

Crime in Chicago

Crime in Chicago: long-term trends from 1965 to 2026, the early-1990s peak, neighborhood inequality, low homicide clearance rates, and the 2025 60-year murder low.

Crime in Detroit

Crime in Detroit covers offense levels and trends in Michigan's largest city. Key facts: 165 homicides in 2025 (lowest since 1965), 2024 homicide rate 31.4 per 100,000, highest among peer cities Milwaukee, Newark, Buffalo, Rochester, Toledo, Cleveland; ShotStoppers violence intervention program.

Crime in El Salvador

Crime in El Salvador, historically dominated by the MS-13 and Barrio 18 maras, peaked at 106.8 homicides per 100,000 in 2015; Bukele's 2022 state of exception cut the rate to 1.3 by 2025 amid mass detentions and rights disputes.

Crime in Germany

Crime in Germany (Kriminalität in Deutschland), tracked by the BKA's Police Crime Statistics (PKS): about 5.5 million recorded offences in 2025, down 5.6 percent; violent crime fell 2.3 percent while rape rose 9 percent; politically motivated crime reached 85,837 cases.

Crime in Iceland

Crime in Iceland: criminal activity and its control in a small Nordic island society with very low homicide (0.9 per 100,000, 2018), the region's lowest imprisonment rate (37 per 100,000), rising court cases peaking in 2019, and organised crime concerns prompting prison and police reform.

Crime in India

Crime in India: annual NCRB report (also the subject itself) on police-registered cognizable crime under IPC/BNS and SLL; 62.41 lakh cases in 2023, 58.85 lakh in 2024, cybercrime rising sharply.

Crime in Italy

Crime in Italy: national crime statistics from Istat, the Interior Ministry, and the Ministry of Justice. Homicide rate 0.55 per 100,000 in 2024, among the EU's lowest; 327 homicides in 2024, 286 in 2025.

Crime in Japan

Crime in Japan (日本の犯罪): official NPA statistics show 737,679 Penal Code offenses in 2024, a 595.9 per 100,000 crime rate, 99.9% post-prosecution conviction, and post-2021 rises after decades of decline.

Crime in London

Crime in London covers recorded offences in Greater London: 916,176 offences in 2025/26, a 97-homicide year at a record-low 1.1 per 100,000, uneven borough distribution, and CSEW survey context.

Crime in Los Angeles

Crime in Los Angeles covers offense patterns and policing in the city and county since the 1820s: persistently high homicide rates, recurring crime waves, LAPD controversy, and homicide declines to 230 in 2025.

Crime in Mexico

Crime in Mexico: organized-crime-driven violence centered on drug trafficking to the United States, cartel diversification into oil theft and extortion, and homicide trends from the 2006 drug war through the 2024–2026 decline.

Crime in New York City

Crime in New York City, tracked by NYPD CompStat under seven index felonies, fell about 77-79% from 1990 to 2019, rose during the pandemic, and declined through 2024-2026, ranking among the safest large US cities.

Crime in Russia

Crime in Russia (преступность в России): officially registered offenses recorded by the MVD. Total registered crime fell 7.3% in 2025 and 16.6% in January-August 2026, while research shows homicide was undercounted by up to 1.6 times and crime tripled in the 1990s.

Crime in South Africa

Crime in South Africa, recorded by SAPS quarterly statistics, includes one of the world's highest homicide rates (45 per 100,000 in 2022-23), declining violent crime since 2024, organized crime, and gender-based violence.

Crime in Sweden

Crime in Sweden: statistics from Brå (National Council for Crime Prevention), long-term trends since 1750, gang-related gun violence since 2015, 84 homicides in 2025, and international comparison caveats.

Crime in the United Kingdom

Crime in the United Kingdom is measured separately in England and Wales (CSEW survey and police recorded crime), Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Key facts: 9.6 million CSEW incidents YE March 2026, 499 homicides, Scotland 315,357 crimes, jurisdictions not sumable.

Crime in the United States

Crime in the United States, also called U.S. crime statistics, is measured by the FBI's UCR/NIBRS program (since 1929) and the BJS victimization survey; violent crime fell 4.5% in 2024 and 9.3% in 2025, with murder at its lowest rate since 1956.