1,303 articles
Moroccan–Spanish Treaty of 1767
The Moroccan–Spanish Treaty of 1767 was a peace and commerce treaty between Sultan Muhammad ben Abdallah and King Charles III of Spain, signed 28 May 1767.
Morocco–Congo Treaty
The Morocco–Congo Treaty, or Franco-German Convention of 4 November 1911, ended the Agadir Crisis: Germany accepted French rule in Morocco for land in the French Congo.
Most favoured nation
Most favoured nation (MFN) is a trade law principle requiring a state to extend to all trading partners any advantage it grants to one, a cornerstone of the WTO.
Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent Base Erosion and Profit Shifting
The Multilateral Instrument (BEPS MLI, OECD/LEGAL/0432) is a multilateral tax treaty adopted 24 November 2016 under OECD/G20 BEPS Action 15, in force 1 July 2018, that modifies existing bilateral tax treaties to counter treaty abuse and improve dispute resolution.
Multilateral treaty
A multilateral treaty is a written international agreement between more than two states, governed by international law and defined in the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.
Multimodal transport
Multimodal transport is the carriage of goods or passengers using two or more transport modes, such as sea, road, rail, or air, under a single contract.
Munich Agreement
Munich Agreement (Münchener Abkommen), Munich Pact: settlement signed 29 September 1938 by Germany, Britain, France, and Italy ceding Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland to Germany; broken by Hitler's occupation of Czechoslovakia on 15 March 1939.
Muslim minority of Greece
Muslim minority of Greece: the recognized Muslim community of Western Thrace, defined by religion under the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, comprising Turkish-origin people, Pomaks, and Roma, exempted from the Greek-Turkish population exchange.
Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–Philippines)
The 1951 Mutual Defense Treaty binds the United States and the Philippines to respond to armed attacks in the Pacific, including the South China Sea, under Articles IV and V; it survived the 1992 U.S. base withdrawal and anchors Balikatan exercises and EDCA access.
Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–South Korea)
The U.S.–ROK Mutual Defense Treaty, signed October 1, 1953, and in force November 17, 1954, binds the United States and South Korea to mutual defense, hosts 28,500 U.S. troops, and underpins extended nuclear deterrence, including the 2023 Nuclear Consultative Group.
Mutual legal assistance treaty
Mutual legal assistance treaty (MLAT), a bilateral or multilateral agreement obliging states to assist each other's criminal investigations and prosecutions by obtaining evidence, testimony, records, and asset measures abroad, distinct from discretionary letters rogatory.
Nagao Ariga
Nagao Ariga (有賀長雄, 1860–1921) was a Japanese jurist and historian, a pioneer of international law in Meiji Japan and legal advisor to Yuan Shikai from 1913.
Nagasaki foreign settlement
The Nagasaki foreign settlement (長崎外国人居留地) was the district of the port of Nagasaki, Japan, where foreign residents lived and traded from 1859 to 1899, under the Ansei treaties.
Nagoya Protocol
The Nagoya Protocol, adopted in Nagoya, Japan, in 2010 and in force since 2014, requires fair sharing of benefits from using genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, with 143 parties.
Named-place treaty families and disambiguation
A named-place treaty family is the set of distinct international agreements sharing a title taken from their host city, like the many Treaties of Paris, disambiguated by year of signature.
Nasrin Sotoudeh
Nasrin Sotoudeh (نسرین ستوده), born 1963, is an Iranian human rights lawyer, 2012 Sakharov Prize laureate with Jafar Panahi and 2026 Václav Havel Prize winner, sentenced to 38 years and 148 lashes for defending women's rights.
Natasha Hausdorff
Natasha Hausdorff, British barrister and international law expert, legal director of UK Lawyers for Israel and founder of the Centre for International Rule of Law, known for uti possidetis juris border arguments and defenses of Israel at the ICJ, ICC, and UN.
National and regional societies of international law
National and regional societies of international law are learned societies that promote international law within countries and regions, beginning with the ILA and Institut de Droit International in 1873.
National yearbooks of international law
National yearbooks of international law are annual, country-named scholarly periodicals covering international law and national state practice. Beginning with the British Yearbook (1920) and Swiss Yearbook (1944), the format spread worldwide during the Cold War and now includes English-language post-1990 titles.
Nationality and state succession
Nationality and state succession is the body of rules governing how people acquire or lose nationality when states split or transfer territory, anchored in the human right to a nationality.
NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina
NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina: the Alliance's 1992–1995 monitoring, no-fly zone (Deny Flight), and Deliberate Force air campaign, then IFOR and SFOR peace enforcement implementing Dayton from 1995 to 2004.
Necessity and proportionality (international law)
Necessity and proportionality are twin requirements of customary international law limiting a state's use of force in self-defense, applied alongside Article 51 of the UN Charter.
Negotiation and signing of the Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles (Traité de Versailles) was negotiated at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference by the Council of Four and signed by Germany in the Hall of Mirrors on 28 June 1919; Germany was excluded from the talks, and the US Senate rejected the treaty in 1919 and 1920.
Neo-Assyrian vassal treaties and adê oaths
Neo-Assyrian adê oaths were sworn pacts of loyalty imposed by the Assyrian king on foreign vassals and the Assyrian population between the ninth and seventh centuries BC.
Neocolonialism
Neocolonialism: continuation of colonial-style domination over formally independent states via economic, political, and cultural means; coined by Kwame Nkrumah in his 1965 Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism, distinct from direct colonial rule.
Neutral Moresnet
Neutral Moresnet (Moresnet neutre, Neutraal Moresnet) was a 3.5 km² neutral territory existing 1816–1919, jointly administered by the Netherlands/Belgium and Prussia around the Altenberg zinc mine, briefly proclaimed the Esperanto state Amikejo, and annexed by Belgium under the Treaty of Versailles in 1920.
Nevsun Resources Ltd v Araya
Nevsun Resources Ltd v Araya (2020 SCC 5) is a Supreme Court of Canada decision letting Eritrean refugee workers sue a Canadian mining company for customary international law breaches, rejecting the act of state doctrine 7-2 and allowing corporate liability claims 5-4.
New approaches to international law
New Approaches to International Law (NAIL), also called the New Stream, is a critical movement in international legal scholarship founded by David Kennedy and Martti Koskenniemi, rooted in Critical Legal Studies, arguing international legal argument is indeterminate and power-laden.
New Hebrides
New Hebrides, Pacific archipelago named by Cook in 1774, jointly ruled by Britain and France as an Anglo-French Condominium from 1906 to 1980 under parallel administrations and four legal systems, until independence as Vanuatu on 30 July 1980.
New International Economic Order
The New International Economic Order (NIEO) is the 1974 UN General Assembly program, resolution 3201 (S-VI), by which the Group of 77 demanded sovereignty over natural resources, fair terms of trade, and technology transfer; its core proposals stalled by the early 1980s.