1,303 articles
Secession
Secession is a territory's unilateral withdrawal from a state to form a new one. International law neither prohibits it nor grants a right to it; the 2010 ICJ Kosovo advisory opinion and the Quebec Reference frame the debate.
Second Partition of Poland
The Second Partition of Poland (Polish: II rozbiór Polski) was the 1793 division of Commonwealth territory between Russia and Prussia, stripping it of about 300,000 km² and over 3 million people.
Second Treaty of Brömsebro (1645)
Second Treaty of Brömsebro (Second Peace of Brömsebro, Freden i Brömsebro), signed 13 August 1645 between Sweden and Denmark-Norway, ended the Torstenson War: Denmark ceded Gotland, Ösel, Jämtland, Härjedalen and Bremen-Verden, pledged Halland for 30 years, and lost Sound toll revenue.
Second Treaty of Buffalo Creek
Second Treaty of Buffalo Creek (Treaty with the New York Indians, 1838): US treaty of January 15, 1838 trading Green Bay and New York lands for 1,824,000 acres west of Missouri; secured by fraud, modified by the 1842 Seneca treaty.
Secret treaty
Secret treaty: an international agreement whose existence or contents are withheld from publics or legislatures. Central to pre-1914 diplomacy (Straits agreement 1915, Sykes-Picot); opposed by Wilson's open diplomacy and curtailed by League Covenant Article 18 and UN Charter Article 102 registration rules.
Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982
Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982 recognizes and affirms the existing aboriginal and treaty rights of Canada's Indian, Inuit, and Métis peoples, constitutionally protecting them from ordinary legislation and requiring Crown justification of infringements under Sparrow.
Security Council elections, 1946–1949
The Security Council elections of 1946–1949 were the first elections by which the UN General Assembly filled the Security Council's six non-permanent seats, held under a two-thirds voting threshold and an informal regional seat formula.
Security Council elections, 1980s
The Security Council elections, 1980s were the annual United Nations General Assembly votes filling half of the Council's ten non-permanent seats, including the 154-ballot Cuba-Colombia deadlock resolved by Mexico.
Security Council elections, 2000s
The Security Council elections of the 2000s were ten annual UN General Assembly votes filling five non-permanent Security Council seats each year from 2000 to 2009.
Security Council Resolutions 1566 and 1624
Security Council Resolutions 1566 and 1624 are UN counter-terrorism resolutions adopted in 2004 and 2005 that supplement Resolution 1373: 1566 created a working group and proposed a victim fund, while 1624 targets incitement to terrorism.
Security Council resolutions establishing the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
UN Security Council resolutions 808 (22 February 1993) and 827 (25 May 1993) established the ICTY under Chapter VII, the first UN war crimes court since Nuremberg and Tokyo, with jurisdiction over crimes in the former Yugoslavia after 1 January 1991.
Self-defence in international law
Self-defense in international law is a state's right to use force in response to an armed attack, preserved for UN Members by Article 51 of the UN Charter.
Self-executing treaty
A self-executing treaty takes direct domestic legal effect upon ratification without implementing legislation, so courts may apply it as law of the land; non-self-executing treaties still bind internationally.
Self-government agreements in Canada
Self-government agreements in Canada are negotiated arrangements giving Indigenous governments authority to make laws and deliver programs, with 25 modern treaties and four stand-alone agreements in force.
Senegambia Confederation
Senegambia Confederation (Confédération de la Sénégambie), a 1982–1989 political union of Senegal and The Gambia created after Senegal's 1981 intervention against a coup, with integrated forces and joint institutions, dissolved in 1989 over sovereignty disputes.
Shabeh (torture)
Shabeh (shabah, shabach) is a torture method of prolonged binding in painful stress positions, documented in Israeli, Palestinian Authority, Hamas, and Syrian detention. Known variants include the frog-squat and banana; Israel's High Court ruled its systematic use illegal in 1999.
Shanghai Communiqué
The Shanghai Communiqué is the joint statement issued by the United States and China on February 27, 1972, at the conclusion of Nixon's visit to China.
Shanghai French Concession (上海法租界)
Shanghai French Concession (上海法租界), the French-administered concession in Shanghai, governed from 1862 by the 公董局 municipal council under the French consul general under an 1866 18-article charter; separate from the International Settlement, with Chinese residents gaining elected councilors only in 1927.
Shanghai International Settlement (上海公共租界)
The Shanghai International Settlement (上海公共租界), formed from the Anglo-American concessions in 1854, was a foreign-governed district of Shanghai run by the Shanghai Municipal Council until Japanese control in 1941.
Siamese–French border demarcation of 1893–1907
The Siamese–French border demarcation of 1893–1907 fixed the frontier between Siam and French Indochina through three treaties, shaping today's Laos and Cambodia boundaries with Thailand.
Signature, ratification and entry into force of United Nations General Assembly treaties
Signature, ratification, and entry into force of United Nations General Assembly treaties describes how GA treaties become binding: signature, ratification or accession, entry-into-force thresholds, and depositary functions.
Signed but unratified treaties
Signed but unratified treaties are international agreements a state has signed subject to ratification but not yet approved domestically, so signature does not bind it as a party.
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961, amended 1972): UN treaty limiting narcotic drugs to medical and scientific purposes; created the INCB; 186 parties; bedrock of the UN drug control regime with the 1971 and 1988 conventions.
Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty (中美共同防御条约)
The Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty, signed in 1954, was a military alliance between the United States and the Republic of China. It committed both parties to defend Taiwan.
Sino-American Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China
The Sino-American Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China, signed January 11, 1943, ended US consular jurisdiction and the US Court for China; effective May 20, 1943.
Sino-British Joint Declaration (中英联合声明)
Sino-British Joint Declaration (中英联合声明), the 1984 UN-registered bilateral treaty under which Britain restored Hong Kong to China on 1 July 1997 with a 50-year 'one country, two systems' framework, now disputed between the UK and China over its continuing binding force.
Sino-British Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China
The 1943 Sino-British Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China, signed at Chungking on 11 January 1943 alongside a parallel Sino-American treaty, ended British consular jurisdiction, the treaty-port system, and concessions in China, though Hong Kong's New Territories and Tibet remained unresolved.
Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (中苏互不侵犯条约), signed at Nanking August 21, 1937 by Wang Chung-Hui and Bogomolov: mutual non-aggression, no aid to a third-party aggressor, precursor to major Soviet aid to Nationalist China.
Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance
The Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance (中苏友好同盟互助条约), signed in Moscow 14 February 1950, was a 30-year alliance treaty between the USSR and the PRC with mutual military assistance against Japan or its allies, a US$300 million Soviet loan, and return of Port Arthur and the Chinese Changchun Railway; it lapsed in 1980.
Six-party talks
The Six-Party Talks (2003-2008) were Beijing-hosted, China-chaired multilateral negotiations among China, Japan, North Korea, Russia, South Korea, and the United States on dismantling North Korea's nuclear program, yielding the 2005 Joint Statement before collapsing over verification in 2008-2009.