9,901 articles
Hindu code bills
Hindu code bills: four 1955-1956 Indian acts codifying Hindu personal law on marriage, succession, guardianship, and adoption, born from the defeated 1940s Hindu Code Bill championed by Ambedkar and Nehru.
Hindu Succession Act, 1956 (हिन्दू उत्तराधिकार अधिनियम, 1956)
The Hindu Succession Act, 1956 (हिन्दू उत्तराधिकार अधिनियम, 1956), Act 30 of 1956, codifies intestate succession for Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and Sikhs; amended in 2005 to give daughters equal coparcenary rights, later upheld in Vineeta Sharma (2020).
Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856
Act XV of 1856, the Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, legalized remarriage of Hindu widows in British India, legitimized their children, but forfeited their husband's-property rights; Vidyasagar campaigned for it, and the Law Commission recommended repeal in 1979.
Hinterkaifeck murders
Hinterkaifeck murders, six killings of the Gruber-Gabriel household and maid Maria Baumgartner on an Upper Bavarian farm on 31 March 1922; over 100 suspects investigated, never solved.
History and reform of the UK tribunal system
History and reform of the UK tribunal system: from the Franks Report (1957) and Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1958, through Leggatt (2001), to the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007's unified First-tier and Upper Tribunals and the HMCTS digitisation programme.
History of Australia (1788–1850)
History of Australia 1788–1850: British colonization from the First Fleet at Sydney Cove under Arthur Phillip through the convict transportation era, colonial expansion, frontier conflict, and the Australian Colonies Government Act 1850.
History of contract law
History of contract law: development of enforceable agreements from Roman law through medieval ius commune, English assumpsit and consideration, 19th-century codifications, and modern instruments like the CISG and UNIDROIT Principles.
History of Corsica
The history of Corsica records settlement from the 7th millennium BC, rule by Greeks, Romans, and Genoese, Paoli's independent republic, and its incorporation into France in 1768.
History of equity and trusts
History of equity and trusts: English equity from the Court of Chancery's clerical chancellors, and the trust from the medieval feoffment to use, through Dacre's Case, the Statute of Uses (1535/1536), the use upon a use, and the Judicature Acts 1873-1875.
History of Hong Kong
History of Hong Kong: British seizure in 1841, Treaty of Nanking 1842, Kowloon 1860, 99-year New Territories lease 1898, Japanese occupation 1941–45, Joint Declaration 1984, and the 1 July 1997 handover under one country, two systems.
History of human rights
History of human rights: development from ancient natural law, Enlightenment natural-rights theory, and the 1776 and 1789 declarations to the 1948 UDHR, the 1966 Covenants, decolonization, and post-2010 decline in prosecutions.
History of inter-state arbitration
The history of inter-state arbitration traces the settlement of disputes between states by binding tribunals, from the Jay Treaty of 1794 to a documented decline after 1945.
History of international law
The history of international law examines how law governing relations between states developed, from ancient Mesopotamian treaties through Grotius's 1625 treatise to the Westphalian treaties of 1648.
History of international law periodicals
The history of international law periodicals runs from the first journal, founded in Ghent in 1869, through the American Journal of International Law in 1907 to rapid growth in the 1990s.
History of rape
History of rape: how law and society defined nonconsensual sex from Roman status-based offenses and medieval canon law through Hale's marital exemption, Brownmiller's 1975 reframing, ICTY/ICC wartime prosecutions, and modern consent-based reforms.
History of state immunity doctrine
History of state immunity doctrine: the international law shielding foreign states from other states' courts, also called sovereign immunity. Traces absolute immunity from Schooner Exchange (1812) through restrictive immunity, the 1976 FSIA, 1978 UK Act, 2004 UN Convention, and the ICJ's 2012 Germany v. Italy judgment.
History of the doctrine of customary international law
The history of the doctrine of customary international law traces how repeated state conduct came to be seen as binding law, from medieval custom to the ILC's 2018 Conclusions.
History of the Supreme Court of Canada
History of the Supreme Court of Canada: created by Parliament in 1875 under the Constitution Act, 1867; six original judges, appeals to the Privy Council until 1949, nine judges since, Charter-era guardian of the Constitution.
History of the Supreme Court of the United States
History of the US Supreme Court: from Article III and the Judiciary Act of 1789 through Marbury, Marshall, Dred Scott, the 1937 switch in time, Brown, and the modern nine-justice certiorari Court.
History of treaty series publication and editing
The history of treaty series publication and editing covers how governments and international organizations collect, authenticate, and print treaties, from eighteenth-century collections through the League and United Nations series.
History of zoophilia
History of zoophilia, also called bestiality, traces human-animal sexual contact from Hittite and biblical death-penalty laws, through medieval Christian criminalization, to DSM-III (1980) paraphilia classification and modern animal-welfare-based statutes in most US states and Europe.
HIV trial in Libya
The HIV trial in Libya (1999–2007) prosecuted five Bulgarian nurses and a Palestinian doctor for infecting children with HIV at Benghazi's Al-Fateh hospital; two death sentences were overturned scientifically and ended in pardon.
Hjalmar Hammarskjöld
Hjalmar Hammarskjöld (Knut Hjalmar Leonard, 1862–1953), Swedish jurist and conservative Prime Minister 1914–1917; Uppsala law professor, Hague arbitrator, Nobel Foundation chairman 1929–47, father of UN chief Dag Hammarskjöld.
HM Prison Belmarsh
HM Prison Belmarsh: high-security men's prison in Thamesmead, southeast London, opened 18 July 1991. Only reception prison in the high-security estate, with a high security unit for category A prisoners.
HM Prison Bronzefield
HMP Bronzefield, Ashford, Middlesex: first purpose-built private women's prison in the UK, opened 17 June 2004, run by Sodexo; largest women's prison in Europe after Holloway closed.
HM Prison Dartmoor
HM Prison Dartmoor is a men's category C prison in Devon, England. Built by the Admiralty in 1806–09, it originally held prisoners of war and civilian inmates.
HM Prison Frankland
HMP Frankland is a high-security category A men's prison in Brasside, County Durham, opened in 1980, holding around 850 serious and life-sentence prisoners, with Westgate, separation, and close supervision units.
HM Prison Manchester
HM Prison Manchester, known as Strangeways until 1994, is a men's category B high security training prison in Manchester city centre. Built 1866-68 by Alfred Waterhouse, it was placed on Urgent Notification in 2024 over drone drug deliveries, violence and self-harm.
HM Prison Maze
HM Prison Maze, also Long Kesh, was a maximum-security prison near Lisburn holding paramilitary prisoners during the Troubles (1971-2000), known for the H-Blocks, the 1981 hunger strikes, and the 1983 escape of 38 prisoners.
HM Prison Pentonville
HM Prison Pentonville, London N7, is a category B men's reception prison opened in 1842 as the 'Model Prison' designed by Joshua Jebb; its separate system, radial wings, heating/ventilation and later mental-health crisis shaped Victorian prison architecture worldwide.