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Law and justice

9,901 articles

Housing cooperative

A housing cooperative, or co-op, is corporate ownership of housing where residents hold shares plus occupancy rights rather than unit title. Covers governance, limited equity and market rate models, US history, and condo differences.

Howard Ault

Howard Steven Ault (born 1966) is a Florida death row inmate sentenced three times for the 1996 rape and murders of sisters Deanne Mu'min, 11, and Alicia Jones, 7; distinct from ex-Helotes police chief Morton Howard Ault.

Howard C. Nielson, Jr.

Howard Curtis Nielson, Jr. (born 1968) is an American jurist serving as a United States district judge for the District of Utah since 2019, appointed by President Donald Trump.

Howard Clayton Knotts

Howard Clayton Knotts (1895-1942), Springfield, Illinois aviation lawyer and World War I flying ace with six victories; Illinois Commerce Commission aviation supervisor and Journal of Air Law and Commerce author.

Howard D. McKibben

Howard D. McKibben (born 1940) is a senior United States district judge of the District of Nevada, appointed by President Reagan in 1984 and chief judge from 1997 to 2002.

Howard F. Sachs

Howard F. Sachs, born Howard Frederic Sachs in 1925, is an American retired federal judge who served on the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Missouri.

Howard K. Stern

Howard K. Stern, also known as Howard Kevin Stern, is an American attorney in California known for representing Anna Nicole Smith as her lawyer and manager.

Howard League for Penal Reform

The Howard League for Penal Reform, founded in 1866 as the Howard Association and formed by the 1921 merger with the Penal Reform League, is the world's oldest penal reform charity, an independent UK membership organisation campaigning for fewer people in prison.

Howard Marks

Howard Marks (1945-2016), alias Mr Nice, Welsh Oxford-educated cannabis smuggler, later author and legalization campaigner; 43 aliases, 30-ton shipments, seven years in a US prison, bestselling autobiography.

Howard Unruh

Howard Barton Unruh (1921–2009) was an American World War II veteran who shot thirteen people dead in twelve minutes in Camden, New Jersey, on September 6, 1949.

Howrey

Howrey LLP (Howrey, Simon, Baker & Murchison), a Washington, D.C. law firm founded in 1956, was the nation's first antitrust firm; it peaked at 750 lawyers and $573 million revenue before dissolving in March 2011, and its Jewel-waiver bankruptcy litigation reshaped unfinished business doctrine.

Hubba Shyamal

Hubba Shyamal (Shyamal Das, 1966–2011) was a Hooghly district gangster called the 'Dawood Ibrahim of Hooghly'; arrested at a Salt Lake multiplex in 2005, found dead in the Baidyabati canal in 2011, subject of the 2024 film Hubba.

Hubertus Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha

Hubertus Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (born 1975, Hamburg), German lawyer and head of the former ducal House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha since Prince Andreas's 2025 death; foundation chief, forester, DSB Protektor.

Huda Ammori

Huda Ammori, British Palestinian-Iraqi activist, co-founded Palestine Action in July 2020 with Richard Barnard and led the judicial review against its 2025 UK terrorism proscription, winning at the High Court in February 2026 before the Court of Appeal reversed and the Supreme Court granted appeal.

Hudud (حدود)

Hudud (حدود) are the fixed Islamic criminal punishments for zina, theft, intoxicants, and related offenses, treated as a right of God, with near-unattainable evidentiary requirements and varied modern state implementation.

Hugh Cregg

Hugh Anthony Cregg (1887 or 1888-1960), Essex County, Massachusetts district attorney 1931-1959 and state senator; prosecutor of the Jessie B. Costello and Berrett-Molway trials; grandfather of musician Huey Lewis.

Hugh Glass

Hugh Glass (c. 1775–1833) was an American fur trapper of the Rocky Mountain fur trade, mauled by a grizzly in 1823, left for dead by John Fitzgerald and possibly Jim Bridger, who crawled about 200 miles to Fort Kiowa; killed by the Arikara in 1833.

Hughes Court

The Hughes Court (1930-1941) is the U.S. Supreme Court under Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes, marked by New Deal battles with the Four Horsemen, the 1937 court-packing crisis, and the constitutional pivot of West Coast Hotel and Jones & Laughlin.

Hugo Aguilar Ortiz

Hugo Aguilar Ortiz (born 1973) is a Mixtec lawyer from Oaxaca and Minister President of Mexico's Supreme Court (SCJN) from 1 September 2025. He won the June 2025 judicial election as top vote-getter, becoming the first Indigenous justice in nearly 170 years.

Hugo Black

Hugo LaFayette Black (1886-1971), Alabama senator and FDR's first Supreme Court appointee (1937), ex-Klansman, total-incorporation advocate, First Amendment absolutist, author of Korematsu, Everson, Engel, Gideon, and Wesberry opinions.

Hugo Grotius

Hugo Grotius (Huig de Groot, 1583–1645), Dutch jurist and natural law theorist, author of Mare Liberum and De iure belli ac pacis (1625); exiled Dutch politician, Swedish ambassador, and traditional father of international law.

Hui Aloha ʻĀina

Hui Aloha ʻĀina (Hawaiian Patriotic League) was a Native Hawaiian organization founded after the 1893 overthrow to oppose U.S. annexation; its 1897 petition carried 21,269 signatures and helped defeat the annexation treaty in the Senate.

Human branding

Human branding is burning a permanent mark into human skin with a heated iron, historically used to mark enslaved people, punish and identify offenders, and cauterize wounds; today legally restricted and still seen in faith-healer abuse.

Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990

Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 (1990 c. 37), UK statute regulating embryos and gametes, establishing the HFEA, licensing IVF and embryo research, with the 14-day rule, amended by the 2008 Act.

Human rights

Human rights: rights held by every person, protected through the UN system (UDHR 1948, nine core treaties, ten treaty bodies, Universal Periodic Review) and three regional systems in Europe, the Americas, and Africa with courts and commissions of differing access rules.

Human Rights Act 1998

The Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) incorporates the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law, letting people enforce Convention rights in British courts from 1 October 2000, with section 3 interpretation duties, section 4 declarations of incompatibility, and section 6 duties on public authorities.

Human Rights Day

Human Rights Day, observed 10 December, is the UN observance commemorating the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), established by resolution 423(V) in 1950; annual themes and the UN Human Rights Prize mark it.

Human rights in Cuba

Human rights in Cuba under the one-party Communist state: Freedom House scores 9/100, 1,161 political prisoners reported for 2024, restricted speech, assembly, judiciary, and medical-mission labor abuses.

Human rights in India

Human rights in India: constitutional Fundamental Rights, the NHRC (est. 1993), Hansa Mehta's UDHR role, the 1975-77 Emergency, and current assessments rating India Partly Free amid custody deaths, press-freedom decline, and AFSPA immunity concerns.

Human rights in North Korea

Human rights in North Korea under Kim Jong Un's totalitarian one-party rule: UN-documented crimes against humanity, political prison camps, censorship of foreign media, songbun discrimination, forced labor, and restricted movement and escape.