9,901 articles
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2026
The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2026 is a U.S. federal law enacted in 2025 that funds the Department of Defense and sets military personnel strengths.
National Do Not Call Registry
The National Do Not Call Registry is the FTC-run U.S. list of phone numbers whose owners opt out of most telemarketing sales calls. Opened June 2003, free, permanent since 2007, 259 million active registrations as of FY 2025, with exemptions for political, charity, survey, and business-relationship calls.
National Environmental Policy Act
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), US federal law signed January 1, 1970, requiring environmental review of major federal actions through categorical exclusions, environmental assessments, and environmental impact statements, overseen by the Council on Environmental Quality.
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
NFIB v. Sebelius, 567 U.S. 519 (2012): Supreme Court case upholding the Affordable Care Act individual mandate under the Taxing Clause, rejecting Commerce Clause and Necessary and Proper Clause justifications, and making the Medicaid expansion optional.
National Firearms Act
National Firearms Act (NFA), 1934 United States federal law imposing registration and taxes on machine guns, short-barreled rifles and shotguns, silencers, and other weapons; upheld in Sonzinsky and Miller; $200 tax eliminated effective January 1, 2026 by P.L. 119-21.
National Green Tribunal (राष्ट्रीय हरित अधिकरण)
National Green Tribunal (राष्ट्रीय हरित अधिकरण, NGT): India's specialized quasi-judicial environmental court, established 18 October 2010 under the NGT Act, with a New Delhi principal bench and zonal benches at Bhopal, Pune, Chennai, and Kolkata.
National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 (राष्ट्रीय हरित अधिकरण अधिनियम, 2010)
The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 (राष्ट्रीय हरित अधिकरण अधिनियम, 2010), Act No. 19 of 2010, is Indian legislation establishing the National Green Tribunal for expeditious environmental adjudication, with 10–20 judicial and 10–20 expert members, Schedule I jurisdiction, and Section 20 principles.
National Herald case
National Herald case: Indian proceedings over the 2010 takeover of Associated Journals Ltd (AJL), Nehru's 1938 newspaper publisher, by Young Indian, owned majority by Sonia and Rahul Gandhi, leading to Swamy's complaint and an ED PMLA chargesheet refused cognisance by a Delhi court in December 2025.
National Human Rights Commission of India (राष्ट्रीय मानवाधिकार आयोग)
National Human Rights Commission of India (राष्ट्रीय मानवाधिकार आयोग), NHRC: statutory human rights body under the 1993 Act, chaired by a former Chief Justice or Supreme Court judge, holding GANHRI 'A' status since 1999 but facing downgrade.
National Incident-Based Reporting System
The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) is an FBI system in which law enforcement agencies report details on each criminal incident, replacing summary counting in 2021.
National Judicial Appointments Commission
The National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) was a proposed six-member Indian body for appointing Supreme Court and High Court judges, struck down by the Supreme Court in 2015.
National Native Title Tribunal
National Native Title Tribunal (NNTT), Australian independent statutory body under the Native Title Act 1993, operating since 1 January 1994; mediates native title claims, arbitrates future acts, keeps national native title registers.
National Reconciliation Commission
The National Reconciliation Commission (NRC) was Ghana's truth commission, established in 2002, which operated from 2003 to 2004 investigating human rights abuses under military rule and recommending reparations.
National Reconciliation Ordinance
The National Reconciliation Ordinance (NRO, Ordinance LX of 2007), promulgated by President Musharraf on 5 October 2007, withdrew corruption cases against public office holders before 12 October 1999; declared void ab initio by the Supreme Court in December 2009.
National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie
National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie, 432 U.S. 43 (1977), the Skokie case, held Illinois must give immediate appellate review before denying stays of injunctions restraining First Amendment speech, enabling neo-Nazis' march rights.
National Truth Commission
The National Truth Commission (Comissão Nacional da Verdade) was a Brazilian body created in 2011 to investigate human rights violations; its 2014 report identified 434 people killed or disappeared.
National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program
The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) is the U.S. federal no-fault program, created by the 1986 National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act, that compensates people injured by CDC-recommended routine vaccines through the Court of Federal Claims, funded by a $0.75-per-dose excise tax; COVID-19 vaccine claims go to the separate CICP instead.
National Voter Registration Act of 1993
The National Voter Registration Act of 1993 (NVRA, Motor Voter law), P.L. 103-31, requires states to offer federal-election voter registration at motor vehicle agencies, by mail, and at public assistance and disability offices, with 30-day cutoff and 90-day purge limits.
National yearbooks of international law
National yearbooks of international law are annual, country-named scholarly periodicals covering international law and national state practice. Beginning with the British Yearbook (1920) and Swiss Yearbook (1944), the format spread worldwide during the Cold War and now includes English-language post-1990 titles.
Nationality
Nationality, also called citizenship, is the legal bond between a person and a State, acquired by jus soli, jus sanguinis, or naturalization, with rules on dual nationality, renunciation, deprivation, and statelessness set by each sovereign state.
Nationality and representation in the international judiciary
Nationality and representation in the international judiciary concerns how international courts balance judges' nationalities and regions, a practice dating to the Permanent Court of International Justice in 1920.
Nationality and state succession
Nationality and state succession is the body of rules governing how people acquire or lose nationality when states split or transfer territory, anchored in the human right to a nationality.
Native American gaming
Native American gaming (Indian/tribal gaming): gambling by federally recognized tribes on Indian lands under the 1988 Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, three gaming classes, NIGC oversight, $43.9 billion FY 2024 revenue.
Natives Land Act, 1913
Natives Land Act, 1913 (Act No. 27 of 1913), South African law passed 19 June 1913 confining African land ownership to about 7% of the Union, first statutory territorial segregation, basis for apartheid land law, repealed 1991.
NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina
NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina: the Alliance's 1992–1995 monitoring, no-fly zone (Deny Flight), and Deliberate Force air campaign, then IFOR and SFOR peace enforcement implementing Dayton from 1995 to 2004.
Natural justice
Natural justice, also called procedural fairness, is the common law doctrine requiring a fair hearing (audi alteram partem) and an unbiased decision-maker (nemo iudex in causa sua) in administrative and quasi-judicial decisions, analogous to American procedural due process.
Natural law
Natural law (lex naturalis): Western ethical and legal tradition holding that moral and legal norms are rooted in human nature and knowable by reason. Key figures include Aquinas and Grotius; opposed to legal positivism; basis of international law theory.
Natural person
Natural person: a living human being as a bearer of legal rights and duties, contrasted with the juridical or artificial person such as a corporation. Covers capacity at birth and majority, statutory drafting, GDPR, and Roman-law origins.
Natural-born-citizen clause
The natural-born-citizen clause, Article II Section 1 clause 5, limits the US presidency to citizens at birth, including those born abroad to citizen parents; undefined by the Constitution, interpreted through English common law and Wong Kim Ark, and never directly tested by the Supreme Court in an eligibility case.
Naturalization
Naturalization: the legal procedure by which a non-national applies to a State for nationality or citizenship, distinct from jus soli and jus sanguinis birthright. Covers requirements, refugee treaties, US and UK rules, and recent OECD and EU grant statistics.