9,901 articles
Novgorod–Hanseatic treaties
The Novgorod–Hanseatic treaties were peace and trade agreements between the Novgorod Republic and German merchants of the Baltic, concluded from the late twelfth century until Novgorod's absorption by Moscow in 1478.
Novgorod–Swedish and Norwegian treaties
The Novgorod–Swedish and Norwegian treaties are peace and boundary accords between the Novgorod Republic, Sweden, and Norway, chiefly the 1323 Treaty of Nöteborg and the 1326 Treaty of Novgorod.
NSW Civil and Administrative Tribunal
The NSW Civil and Administrative Tribunal (NCAT) is the consolidated tribunal of New South Wales, established in 2014 to replace 22 tribunals, handling tenancy, consumer, and guardianship matters.
Nth Room case (N번방 사건)
Nth Room case (N번방 사건): South Korean digital sex exploitation ring run via numbered Telegram chat rooms, 2018–2020; operators Cho Ju-bin (40 years) and Moon Hyung-wook (34 years); dozens of victims including minors; triggered 2020 anti-Nth Room laws.
Nucky Thompson
Nucky Thompson (Enoch Malachi Thompson) is the fictional protagonist of HBO's Boardwalk Empire, played by Steve Buscemi; a corrupt Atlantic City treasurer and bootlegger loosely based on real boss Enoch L. Johnson, killed by Tommy Darmody in the 1931 finale.
Nuclear Security Summit
Nuclear Security Summit (NSS): series of four biennial leaders' summits (Washington 2010, Seoul 2012, The Hague 2014, Washington 2016) launched by Obama to prevent nuclear terrorism by securing and minimizing weapons-usable nuclear material; ended 2016, succeeded by the Nuclear Security Contact Group.
Nuclear Suppliers Group
The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is a voluntary group of 48 governments that controls nuclear exports to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons, formed in 1975 after India's first nuclear test.
Nuclear Terrorism Convention
The Nuclear Terrorism Convention (ICSANT), adopted 13 April 2005 by UN General Assembly resolution A/RES/59/290, entered into force 7 July 2007; it criminalizes nuclear terrorism by non-state actors and has 115 signatories and 127 parties.
Nuclear-weapon-free zone
A nuclear-weapon-free zone (NWFZ) is a region whose states pledge not to make, acquire, test, or hold nuclear weapons, with five treaty-based zones covering most of the Southern Hemisphere.
Nuestra Familia
Nuestra Familia (NF, "Our Family") is a California prison gang founded in 1968, rival of the Mexican Mafia, ruled by a seven-member General Council, controlling Norteño street gangs through regiments and tax collection.
Nuisance
Nuisance, in law: a tort and former common law crime covering unreasonable interference with land use and enjoyment (private nuisance) or public rights (public nuisance); key cases Sturges v Bridgman, Coventry v Lawrence; UK common law public nuisance abolished 2022.
Nuisance abatement and remedies
Nuisance abatement and remedies is the private-law treatment of nuisances: self-help abatement, injunctions including interim relief, and damages, with damages in lieu of an injunction since 1858.
Nuisance in English law
Nuisance in English law is a common law cause of action addressing undue interference with land use. It includes private nuisance, which is a strict liability tort.
Nullification (U.S. Constitution)
Nullification is the asserted right of a U.S. state to declare federal laws unconstitutional and block them within its borders. Originating in the 1798 Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions and tested in the 1832-1833 Nullification Crisis, it has been rejected by every court under the Supremacy Clause.
Nullity, revision and enforcement of inter-state arbitral awards
Nullity, revision and enforcement of inter-state arbitral awards is the doctrine that inter-state awards face no compulsory annulment, with review only by consent, as in two ICJ cases.
Nunavut Land Claims Agreement
Nunavut Land Claims Agreement (NLCA): modern treaty signed May 25, 1993 in Iqaluit between the Inuit of the Nunavut Settlement Area (Tungavik Federation of Nunavut, now Nunavut Tunngavik Inc.), Canada, and the Northwest Territories; Canada's largest land claim, tied to Nunavut's 1999 creation.
Nuon Chea (នួន ជា)
Nuon Chea (នួន ជា; 1926-2019), born Lao Kim Lorn, was the Khmer Rouge's "Brother Number Two": CPK Deputy Secretary, acting Prime Minister of Democratic Kampuchea, and ECCC convict for genocide and crimes against humanity.
Nuremberg Code
Nuremberg Code (Nürnberger Kodex): ten-point set of ethical principles for human experimentation issued August 19, 1947, in the verdict of the Doctors' Trial (USA v. Karl Brandt et al.), centered on absolute voluntary informed consent; basis for the Declaration of Helsinki and Belmont Report.
Nuremberg executions
Nuremberg executions: the hangings of ten Nazi leaders in Nuremberg Prison's gymnasium on October 16, 1946, after IMT death sentences; Hermann Göring escaped by cyanide suicide hours before.
Nuremberg trials
The Nuremberg trials were post-WWII tribunals in Nuremberg, Germany, where the International Military Tribunal tried 22 Nazi leaders for crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity, convicting 19 and sentencing 12 to death, followed by twelve Subsequent Nuremberg Trials.
Nusrat J. Choudhury
Nusrat J. Choudhury, also known as Nusrat Jahan Choudhury, is an American district judge for the Eastern District of New York, appointed by President Biden in 2023.
Nutraloaf
Nutraloaf (food loaf, disciplinary loaf) is a bland, nutritionally complete baked loaf served to misbehaving US prisoners for days to months; courts generally upheld it under the Eighth Amendment, with exceptions such as LeMaire's use limits, Borden's hearing requirement, and Prude v. Clarke.
NY SAFE Act
NY SAFE Act (Secure Ammunition and Firearms Enforcement Act of 2013), New York's Chapter 1 gun law: one-feature assault weapon ban with registration, seven-round magazine limit, universal background checks, ammunition seller registration, mental-health reporting, upheld in Cuomo and Gazzola.
O. J. Simpson robbery case
The O. J. Simpson robbery case: the 2007 Las Vegas Palace Station hotel room gunpoint confrontation with memorabilia dealers Beardsley and Fromong, Simpson's 2008 conviction on 12 counts, 9-to-33-year sentence, and 2017 parole.
Oakland County Child Killer
Oakland County Child Killer (OCCK), also called the Babysitter, is the unidentified killer of four Michigan children, Mark Stebbins, Jill Robinson, Kristine Mihelich, and Timothy King, abducted 1976-1977 near Woodward Avenue, held 3-19 days, and never identified or charged.
Oath of Allegiance (United States)
The U.S. naturalization Oath of Allegiance (INA § 337, 8 U.S.C. § 1448; text at 8 CFR 337.1): mandatory public-ceremony oath renouncing foreign allegiance, supporting the Constitution, and committing to military or civilian service, with religious modifications and disability waivers.
Oba Chandler
Oba Chandler (1946-2011), American murderer executed in Florida in 2011 for the 1989 Tampa Bay killings of tourists Joan, Michelle, and Christe Rogers; identified via handwriting billboards, distinct from other Chandlers.
Obafemi Awolowo
Obafemi Awolowo (1909–1987), Nigerian statesman, Premier of the Western Region 1954–1959, Action Group leader, founder of Nigeria's first free primary education program (1955), later Federal Commissioner for Finance and two-time presidential candidate; portrait on the ₦100 note.
Obiter dictum
Obiter dictum is a judicial remark not required to decide a case, such as Justice Harlan F. Stone's observation in United States v. Carolene Products, which influenced strict scrutiny.
Obligation
Obligation (law): a duty to do or not do something binding an obligor to an obligee, a civil law concept arising from contract, tort, quasi-contract, or statute, central to the law of obligations in Roman, civil, and common law systems.