9,901 articles
Paris Peace Treaties, 1947
Paris Peace Treaties, 1947: five peace treaties signed in Paris on 10 February 1947 with Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Finland after the 21-nation Paris Peace Conference of 1946; drafted by the Council of Foreign Ministers and in force from 15 September 1947.
Parker family murders
The Parker family murders were the 1990 killings of a family of four in Quitman County, Mississippi, by Anthony Carr and Robert Simon Jr., both sentenced to death.
Parker–Hulme murder case
The Parker–Hulme murder case: 1954 Christchurch matricide in which Pauline Parker, 16, and Juliet Hulme, 15, killed Honora Parker with a brick in a stocking; insanity plea rejected, five years' detention, later Anne Perry and Heavenly Creatures.
Parlement
Parlement: the sovereign appellate court of ancien régime France, descended from the curia regis, not an assembly like the English Parliament. Parlement de Paris covered about a third of the kingdom; twelve provincial courts; abolished 1790.
Parliamentary privilege
Parliamentary privilege: the legal immunities of Westminster-style legislatures, their members, and officers, centered on article 9 of the Bill of Rights 1689 and exclusive cognisance, protecting speech in proceedings but not criminal conduct.
Parliamentary sovereignty
Parliamentary sovereignty, or parliamentary supremacy, is the constitutional doctrine that a legislature, notably the UK Parliament, may make or unmake any law and cannot be overridden by courts, with qualifications from the Human Rights Act 1998, devolution, and Commonwealth constitutions.
Parole
Parole is conditional release from prison to serve the remaining sentence in the community under supervision, distinct from probation. Covers release boards, conditions, revocation, US and international systems, and effectiveness evidence.
Paropamisadae (Παροπαμισάδαι)
Paropamisadae (Greek: Παροπαμισάδαι) is the Greek and Roman name for a people and district of ancient Afghanistan in the Hindu Kush, and for the satrapy Alexander founded there.
Parricide
Parricide is the killing of a parent by their child, also covering murder of close relatives. About 2-5 percent of homicides; sons kill fathers, daughters mothers; mental illness common; Roman poena cullei; Japan abolished its statute in 1995.
Part IV Family Law Act 1996 orders
Part IV Family Law Act 1996 orders are civil protective orders in England and Wales, giving courts two remedies for associated persons: non-molestation orders and occupation orders.
Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act
The Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003 (18 U.S.C. §1531), signed November 5, 2003, bans abortions in which a living fetus is partially vaginally delivered before a fatal overt act; Clinton vetoed 1996–97 versions, courts enjoined the 2003 act, and Gonzales v. Carhart (2007) upheld it.
Parties to the European Convention on Extradition
Parties to the European Convention on Extradition (ETS No. 24, 1957): Council of Europe member states plus Israel, South Africa, and the Republic of Korea; entry into force 18 April 1960; depositary Secretary-General of the Council of Europe.
Parties to the Treaty of Versailles
The parties to the Treaty of Versailles, the 1919 peace treaty between Germany and the Allied and Associated Powers, included the United States, which signed but never ratified it.
Partisan elections of state supreme court justices
Partisan elections of state supreme court justices are elections in which candidates run under a Republican or Democratic label, used in eight states including Alabama, Ohio, and Texas.
Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae
Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae, or Partitio Romaniae, is the 1204 catalog of how twelve Venetians and twelve crusaders divided the Byzantine lands after the fall of Constantinople.
Partition pacts of al-Andalus
The partition pacts of al-Andalus were agreements between Castile and Aragon, chiefly the treaties of Tudilén (1151), Cazola (1179), and Almizra (1244), pre-assigning the Muslim territories of southern Spain to whichever crown conquered them.
Partitions of Poland
The Partitions of Poland (1772, 1793, 1795) were three annexations of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by Russia, Prussia, and Austria, ending Polish statehood until 1918.
Pascha (brothel)
Pascha, at Hornstraße 2, Cologne, Germany, is a 12-storey Laufhaus brothel opened in 1972 as the Eros-Center; with over 120 rooms it is Europe's largest brothel, renamed Pascha in 1995, insolvent in 2020 and later tied to an immigration investigation.
Pasco M. Bowman II
Pasco M. Bowman II, born 1933, is an American jurist serving as a senior judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit.
Pasquale Fiore
Pasquale Fiore (1837–1914) was an Italian jurist and leading international lawyer who taught at four Italian universities, served as a senator from 1910, and was nominated for the 1913 Nobel Peace Prize.
Passing off
Passing off is a common law tort protecting business goodwill against misrepresentation, requiring goodwill, misrepresentation, and damage; key UK cases include Jif Lemon, Warnink, Irvine v Talksport, and Rihanna v Topshop.
Passports of the European Union
Passports of the European Union are national passports issued by the 27 EU member states in a common burgundy format, harmonized by a 1981 resolution and a 2004 biometrics regulation.
Pastoral lease
A pastoral lease is a leasehold over Crown land granting exclusive grazing rights while the state keeps ownership; about 44 percent of the Australian mainland is leased this way.
Pastoral leases in Australian land law
Pastoral leases in Australian land law: statutory Crown-land tenures for grazing livestock, covering about 44 percent of Australia. Distinct from freehold through lease conditions, Crown reservations, and coexistence with native title under Wik (1996).
Pastoral runs and Crown pastoral leases in New Zealand
Crown pastoral leases in New Zealand are perpetually renewable 33-year grazing tenures giving lessees exclusive pasturage but no right to the soil, covering about 1.2 million hectares of South Island high country.
Pat Cipollone
Pat (Pat A.) Cipollone, White House counsel under Donald Trump from October 2018 to January 2021; wrote the October 8, 2019 non-cooperation letter, led Trump's first Senate impeachment defense, opposed efforts to overturn the 2020 election, and testified before the January 6th Committee.
Pat DiCicco
Pat DiCicco (Pasquale Jiovanni DiCicco, 1909–1978), American talent agent and film producer, producer of Avalanche (1946); married Thelma Todd and Gloria Vanderbilt; alleged associate of Lucky Luciano.
Pat Garrett
Pat Garrett (Patrick Floyd Jarvis Garrett, 1850-1908), American Old West lawman and sheriff of Lincoln County, New Mexico, who killed Billy the Kid at Fort Sumner on July 14, 1881, coauthored The Authentic Life of Billy the Kid (1882), later served as Doña Ana County sheriff and El Paso customs collector, and was shot dead in 1908.
Patent
Patent: an exclusive, territorial right granted for an invention (a product or process offering a new technical solution), lasting generally 20 years from filing in exchange for public disclosure; obtained via national, regional (EPO, OAPI, ARIPO), or PCT international applications under the WIPO-administered treaty system.
Patent application
Patent application: a formal request to a patent office such as the USPTO or via the PCT for a patent on an invention. Includes specification, claims, drawings, fees, 18-month publication, examination, and PTAB appeal.