9,901 articles
Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump
Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump covers Article II qualifications and the Fourteenth Amendment Section 3 challenge resolved in Trump v. Anderson (2024), which kept him on the 2024 ballot.
Presidential statements of the United Nations Security Council
A presidential statement of the United Nations Security Council is a statement by the Council's President on behalf of all members, adopted by consensus rather than vote.
Presidential Succession Act
Presidential Succession Act of 1947 (3 U.S.C. §19), successor to the 1792 and 1886 acts: US statute for double vacancies, placing the House Speaker, then Senate President pro tempore, then Cabinet officers in department-creation order as acting President.
Preston Lord homicide case
Preston Lord homicide case: fatal October 28, 2023 beating of 16-year-old Preston Lord in Queen Creek, Arizona; seven defendants, the Gilbert Goons investigation, MCAO indictments, and Preston's Law.
Presumption of death
Presumption of death: legal doctrine letting courts or agencies treat a long-missing person as dead, classically after 7 unexplained years; UK Presumption of Death Act 2013, US 38 USC 108, civil law 5-20 years.
Presumption of innocence
Presumption of innocence: legal principle that an accused is treated as innocent until proved guilty, placing the burden of proof on the prosecution. Rooted in Roman and canon law, codified in the 1789 French Declaration, guaranteed by ICCPR Article 14(2), ECHR Article 6(2), and EU Directive 2016/343.
Pretty Boy Floyd
Pretty Boy Floyd, Charles Arthur Floyd (1904–1934), Depression-era American bank robber and Public Enemy No. 1; FBI-named gunman of the 1933 Kansas City Massacre, killed October 22, 1934 near East Liverpool, Ohio; distinct from the glam metal band and boxer nicknames.
Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space
Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space, known as PAROS, is a United Nations diplomatic initiative seeking a treaty against weapons in orbit, on the agenda since 1982.
Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002
Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA), India's anti-money-laundering statute, Act 15 of 2003, in force 1 July 2005: defines the laundering offence, mandates FIU-IND reporting, and powers ED attachment and confiscation.
Prevlaka
Prevlaka is a small uninhabited peninsula at the southern tip of Croatia, at the entrance to the Bay of Kotor on the border with Montenegro.
Prevlaka dispute
Prevlaka dispute: Croatia–Montenegro border disagreement over Cape Oštro at the Bay of Kotor entrance, monitored by UNMOP 1996–2002, governed since by the unratified 2002 interim protocol.
Price fixing
Price fixing: an illegal agreement among competitors to raise, lower, maintain, or stabilize prices, punished under the Sherman Act with prison and fines up to $100 million; cartel overcharges average 121% (Connor 2024), and leniency programs drive detection.
Prigg v. Pennsylvania
Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 41 U.S. 539 (1842), Supreme Court case in which Justice Story's 8-1 majority held Congress had exclusive power over fugitive slave rendition, voided Pennsylvania's 1826 personal liberty law, and left states free to bar officials from enforcement.
Prima facie
Prima facie (Latin, "at first sight"): evidence or a claim sufficient on its face unless rebutted. Establishes a rebuttable presumption, shifts the burden of proof, and anchors the McDonnell Douglas framework in US discrimination law.
Primary and secondary legislation
Primary and secondary legislation in the UK: Acts of Parliament versus delegated or subordinate law such as statutory instruments, about 3,500 made yearly, scrutinized by negative or affirmative procedure.
Primeiro Comando da Capital
Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC, First Command of the Capital), Brazilian criminal organization founded in 1993 in Taubaté prison, São Paulo; 20,000–30,000 members, horizontal factional command, cocaine trafficking via Santos, South American expansion, US terrorist designation.
Primogeniture
Primogeniture: inheritance rule passing property to the firstborn legitimate child, historically male-preference. Variants include agnatic, semi-Salic, and absolute primogeniture; largely abandoned for private property and mostly replaced by absolute primogeniture in monarchies.
Principality of Elba
Principality of Elba (Principato d'Elba): short-lived sovereign state created for Napoleon by the Treaty of Fontainebleau, 11 April 1814; he ruled the island's 12,000 inhabitants from Portoferraio for less than ten months before escaping on 26 February 1815.
Principi group
Principi group, also called the Belivuk–Miljković clan, formerly Janjičari, is a Serbian FK Partizan hooligan firm turned organized crime group led by Veljko Belivuk, allied with Montenegro's Kavač clan, dismantled by arrests in February 2021 and on trial for murders, torture and drug trafficking.
Principles of European Contract Law
The Principles of European Contract Law (PECL) are proposed general rules for European contract law, drafted by the Ole Lando-chaired Commission and published between 2000 and 2003.
Prior art
Prior art: the body of public knowledge (patents, printed publications, public uses, and sales) existing before a filing date, used to judge patent novelty and inventive step under US, EPO, and PCT law.
Priscilla Richman
Priscilla Richman, born 1954, is an American judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit since 2005, appointed by President George W. Bush.
Prison
Prison: a state facility confining people after arrest or by court sentence. Covers penitentiary history, the Auburn and Pennsylvania systems, ~11.5 million people imprisoned worldwide, overcrowding, classification, rehabilitation evidence, and the Nelson Mandela Rules.
Prison abolition
Prison abolition is a movement and theory seeking to eliminate prisons and the prison-industrial complex, traced to Attica 1971 and figures like Angela Davis, Kropotkin, and Mathiesen, advocating gradual decarceration through alternatives.
Prison cell
Prison cell: the locked room that is the basic unit of confinement. Covers CPT minimums (6 m² single, 4 m² shared), the ECtHR 3 m² threshold, Mandela Rules fixtures, certified versus crowded occupancy, and documented overcrowding.
Prison escape
Prison escape: unlawful departure from lawful custody, a separate criminal offense in most jurisdictions. Rare today (about 0.1% of US prisoners); famous cases include the unsolved 1962 Alcatraz breakout and the 1983 Maze escape.
Prison food
Prison food: meals provided in prisons and jails, governed by dietary scales, nutrition standards, and religious accommodation, from Pentonville's 1840s diet experiments to modern Ramadan caloric litigation.
Prison gangs in the United States
Prison gangs in the United States: organized criminal groups formed inside prisons, structured along racial or ethnic lines, including the Mexican Mafia, Aryan Brotherhood, and Black Guerrilla Family, trafficking narcotics and controlling contraband markets.
Prison officer
Prison officer, also called correctional officer, jail officer, or prison guard, is the uniformed staff role responsible for custody, safety, and daily supervision of incarcerated people in prisons and jails, with duties spanning security, welfare, and rehabilitation.
Prison rape
Prison rape is sexual violence against incarcerated people by inmates or staff. Key facts: U.S. PREA of 2003, NIS-4 2023-24 rate 4.1%, pooled meta-analytic prevalence 12.4%, 5% grant penalty.