9,901 articles
Certified copy
Certified copy: a duplicate of a primary document endorsed by a government agency, court, notary, or authorized professional to confirm it truly reproduces the original; distinct from notarized copies, used for banking, immigration, and court evidence.
Certiorari
Certiorari is a writ by which a higher court reviews a lower court's decision, best known as the way the US Supreme Court chooses cases to hear.
Cesar Chavez sexual abuse allegations
Sexual abuse allegations against United Farm Workers co-founder Cesar Chavez (1927-1993), made public by a New York Times investigation on March 18, 2026, alleging abuse of underage girls and the rape of Dolores Huerta, triggering canceled Chavez Day celebrations, renamings, and a 2026 lawsuit.
César Cuauhtémoc García Hernández
César Cuauhtémoc García Hernández is an American scholar and law professor at Ohio State University, among the ten most-cited immigration law scholars in the United States, known for crimmigration.
Cesare Beccaria
Cesare Beccaria Bonesana (Cesare Beccaria; 1738–1794), Milanese jurist and economist of the Lombard Enlightenment, author of Dei delitti e delle pene (On Crimes and Punishments, 1764), which argued for proportionality, certainty over severity, abolition of torture and the death penalty, and shaped modern criminal law.
Cesare Lombroso
Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909), Italian psychiatrist and founder of criminal anthropology at Turin, author of L'uomo delinquente (1876) and the born-criminal atavism theory, leader of the Italian Positive School with Ferri and Garofalo.
Cesare Terranova
Cesare Terranova was an Italian magistrate and parliamentarian who, as investigating judge in Palermo, handled Mafia cases and was killed by Cosa Nostra in 1979.
Ceslaw Bojarski
Ceslaw Bojarski was a Polish counterfeiter who produced fake French banknotes in the Paris suburbs. He made his own paper, plates, and presses, operating for over thirteen years.
Cession
Cession: the consensual transfer of sovereignty over territory between states, usually by treaty, with the ceding state's consent; distinguished from forcible annexation. Covers treaty elements, timing, effects on property and nationality, and historical examples.
Cession of Fiji
The Cession of Fiji was the 1874 transfer of the Fiji Islands to the British Crown by Ratu Seru Cakobau and other high chiefs, making Fiji a Crown Colony.
Ceylonese advocates elevated to the judicial bench
Ceylonese advocates elevated to the judicial bench spans Richard Francis Morgan, first local judge in 1857, and Sir Harry Dias, first Sinhalese, to Chief Justice Sir Edwin Wijeyewardene in 1949.
Chad A. Readler
Chad A. Readler, born 1972, is an American jurist serving as a judge on the US Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit since 2019.
Chad Bianco
Chad Bianco, Riverside County, California sheriff-coroner since 2018 and Republican 2026 gubernatorial candidate, known for the unprecedented seizure of about 650,000 ballots from the November 2025 Proposition 50 election, ruled unlawful by the California Supreme Court.
Chad F. Kenney, Sr.
Chad F. Kenney, Sr. is an American jurist serving as a United States district judge for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania since 2018, appointed by President Trump.
Chain gang
Chain gang: groups of prisoners shackled at the ankles performing public hard labor, chiefly Southern road work after the Civil War; successor to convict leasing, abolished in the 1940s, revived in the 1990s.
Chain of custody
Chain of custody is the documented tracking of evidence through collection, safeguarding, and analysis, recording each handler, transfer date/time, and purpose; gaps may reduce evidentiary weight without barring admission.
Chamber of commerce
Chamber of commerce: a multi-sectoral business membership organization promoting local or regional commercial interests; first named in Marseille 1599; voluntary Anglo-American and compulsory continental European models exist worldwide.
Chamber of Horrors (Madame Tussauds)
Chamber of Horrors is Madame Tussauds London's criminal waxwork exhibit, begun in 1818, named by Punch in 1846, and reopened in October 2022 with figures of the Kray Twins, Christie, Haigh, Nilsen, Crippen, and Jack the Ripper.
Chanel Miller
Chanel Miller, formerly known as Emily Doe, is an American writer and artist, survivor of the 2015 Stanford sexual assault by Brock Turner, author of the NBCC-winning memoir Know My Name.
Change of position
Change of position is the principal defense to unjust enrichment, letting a good-faith recipient reduce restitution; English law recognized it in 1991 in Lipkin Gorman v Karpnale Ltd.
Change of position (defence)
Change of position is the principal defence to unjust enrichment claims, recognized in Lipkin Gorman (1991), reducing restitution pro tanto where a good-faith defendant's position has changed; adopted across common law jurisdictions with divergent reliance rules.
Changi Prison
Changi Prison is Singapore's maximum-security prison complex on Upper Changi Road North, opened 1937 as the last British colonial prison, a WWII POW internment camp, redeveloped 2004, with its gate, wall and turrets a National Monument.
Chao Cuo
Chao Cuo (晁錯, 200–154 BCE), Western Han statesman under Emperors Wen and Jing, Imperial Secretary from 155 BCE, author of frontier-militia and grain-for-rank policies, executed in 154 BCE during the Rebellion of the Seven States.
Chao Xu (rapist)
Chao Xu, Chinese-born London recruitment businessman (born 1992), drugged women with GHB and scopolamine at networking events, raped and filmed them with hidden cameras, pleaded guilty to 24 sexual offences and received a life sentence in November 2025.
Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code
Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code (11 U.S.C. §§ 1101–1195) is the business reorganization chapter: debtor-in-possession control, plan exclusivity of 120/180 days, cramdown, and the 2019 subchapter V small business track with its $3,424,000 debt limit.
Chapter 7, Title 11, United States Code
Chapter 7 of Title 11, U.S. Code is the Bankruptcy Code's liquidation chapter: a trustee sells nonexempt assets for creditors, individuals receive a discharge, and consumer debtors above state median income face the § 707(b) means test.
Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter
Chapter VII of the UN Charter (Articles 39–51), the Security Council's enforcement powers: Article 39 threat determinations, Article 41 sanctions, Article 42 military action, Article 51 self-defence, binding on all members.
Charitable trust
Charitable trust: a common law trust dedicated to a public charitable purpose rather than named beneficiaries, perpetual and exempt from the Rule Against Perpetuities, enforced by the Attorney General, and modified under cy pres when its purpose fails.
Charity Clark
Charity R. Clark is an American Democratic politician and attorney serving as Attorney General of Vermont since 2023, the first woman elected to the position.
Charlene V. E. Honeywell
Charlene V. E. Honeywell, born Charlene Vanessa Edwards Honeywell, is an American jurist serving as a senior judge of the US District Court for the Middle District of Florida since 2009.