9,901 articles
Chief Justice of Kenya
Chief Justice of Kenya: head of the Judiciary, President of the Supreme Court, and chair of the Judicial Service Commission, NCAJ, and Kenya Law. Office dates to colonial rule; post-2010 holders are Mutunga, Maraga, and Koome (since 2021).
Chief Justice of New South Wales
Chief Justice of New South Wales: head of the NSW Supreme Court since 17 May 1824, first held by Sir Francis Forbes; 18 holders including three Streets, Evatt, Kerr, and Gleeson; incumbent Andrew Bell since 7 March 2022.
Chief Justice of Nigeria
The Chief Justice of Nigeria (CJN) heads the Nigerian judiciary and presides over the Supreme Court of Nigeria, the apex court, under the 1999 Constitution.
Chief Justice of the Philippines
The Chief Justice of the Philippines presides over the Supreme Court and heads the judicial branch; Cayetano Arellano was first appointed in 1901, and Alexander Gesmundo holds the office in 2026.
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Hong Kong
The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Hong Kong headed the colonial judiciary from 1844 until the 1997 handover, when the court became the High Court.
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Indonesia
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Indonesia (Ketua Mahkamah Agung): head of Indonesia's highest court under Article 24 of the 1945 Constitution, elected by fellow justices to five-year terms. Current officeholder Prof. Sunarto, elected October 2024 for 2024–2029, succeeding Syarifuddin. Distinct from the Constitutional Court chief justice.
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Korea
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Korea (대법원장): head of Korea's highest court and of judicial administration, chairs the Council of Supreme Court Justices, recommends all justice appointments, first held by Kim Byong-ro from 1948.
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Norway
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Norway (høyesterettsjustitiarius), president of the court of last instance created by the 1814 Constitution, first sitting 30 June 1815; leads 20 justices, handles appointments assessments, budgets, and judicial review.
Chief Justice of the United States
Chief Justice of the United States: presiding officer of the nine-member Supreme Court and head of the federal judiciary. Also called Chief Justice of the Supreme Court before 1866. Assigns majority opinions when in the majority; 17 holders since 1789; current Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Jr.
Chief Justice of Western Australia
Chief Justice of Western Australia: head of the WA Supreme Court under s 7A of the Supreme Court Act 1935, appointed by the Governor; office since 1861, 14 holders, current Chief Justice Peter Quinlan since 2018, also Lieutenant Governor.
Child abduction
Child abduction is the unauthorized removal or retention of a child in breach of parental or custodial rights. Covers parental and stranger abduction, the 1980 Hague Convention return mechanism, and criminal laws such as the U.S. IPKCA.
Child abduction and divorce overlap
Child abduction and divorce overlap where the end of a cross-border marriage produces a child's removal abroad, triggering the 1980 Hague Convention's summary-return machinery alongside divorce and custody proceedings.
Child abuse
Child abuse, or child maltreatment, is abuse and neglect of children under 18, including physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, neglect, and exploitation; WHO estimates 400 million young children experience violent discipline and 1 in 5 women report childhood sexual abuse.
Child custody
Child custody law determines legal authority over a child and where the child lives after separation. Also called parental responsibility or child arrangements orders; covers best-interests standard, joint versus sole custody, jurisdiction, and 2025 reforms.
Child erotica
Child erotica is non-pornographic material relating to children used for sexual purposes; it is broader than child pornography and is defined by use rather than content.
Child Labor Amendment
The Child Labor Amendment, proposed by Congress in 1924 (H.J. Res. 184), would have granted Congress power to limit, regulate, and prohibit labor of persons under 18. Ratified by only 28 of 36 needed states; never adopted, it remains technically pending.
Child murder
Child murder, or child homicide, is the intentional killing of a child (infanticide in the first year of life). Parents are the most common perpetrators; rates are highest in infancy, and legal treatment ranges from distinct infanticide statutes to ordinary murder law.
Child pornography
Child pornography, now termed child sexual abuse material (CSAM), is visual depictions of sexually explicit conduct involving minors. Covers terminology, global legislation, AI-generated imagery, detection, and prevention.
Child pornography laws in Japan
Child pornography laws in Japan rest on the 1999 Child Prostitution and Pornography Prohibition Act (児童買春・児童ポルノ禁止法), amended 2014 to criminalize simple possession, up to 1 year or 1 million yen, and voyeuristic production; fictional manga and anime depictions remain unregulated.
Child pornography laws in the United States
U.S. federal child pornography law: statutes 18 U.S.C. 2251-2260 define and punish visual depictions of sexually explicit conduct involving minors; Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition (2002) limits virtual-image bans; penalties and reporting duties.
Child prostitution
Child prostitution, now termed exploitation of children in/for prostitution, is the use of a child in sexual activities for remuneration; a crime under the CRC Optional Protocol and ILO Convention 182, increasingly technology-facilitated.
Child selling
Child selling is the exchange of a child for payment, for sexual exploitation, forced labor, illegal adoption, or organs; a 2000 UN protocol obliges states to criminalize it.
Child sex tourism
Child sex tourism, also called sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism (SECTT), is travel by domestic or international offenders to sexually exploit children; ECPAT, founded 1990 in Chiang Mai, leads the response.
Child sexual abuse
Child sexual abuse: involvement of a child in sexual activity without informed consent, by someone in trust or power. Also CSA. Types, global prevalence (1 in 5 women, 1 in 7 men self-report), measurement tools, consequences, and prevention.
Child support
Child support is money paid by a noncustodial parent to the custodial parent to help raise children after separation; courts may order either or both parents to pay.
Child support guidelines in the United States
Child support guidelines in the United States are state presumptive formulas, required by federal law since 1984 and made rebuttable presumptions in 1988, using income shares (41+ states), percentage-of-income (6 states), or Melson formula (3 states) models.
Child support in Australia
Child support in Australia is assessed by Services Australia under the Child Support (Assessment) Act 1989 using an eight-step formula based on both parents' incomes, care percentages, and Costs of Children tables; the scheme began in 1988 and was reformed in 2006-2008.
Child support in the United Kingdom
Child support (child maintenance) in the UK: payments from a non-resident parent, arranged privately or via the Child Maintenance Service (Direct Pay or Collect and Pay), calculated from gross income under the Child Support Act 1991 system.
Child support in the United States
Child support in the United States: court-ordered payments from noncustodial parents, enforced through the federal-state Title IV-D Child Support Enforcement program created in 1975, run by HHS's OCSE with 66% federal reimbursement, distributing $27.4 billion in FY2022.
Child-on-child sexual abuse
Child-on-child sexual abuse (COCSA), also called peer-on-peer abuse, is sexual abuse in which one minor abuses another, typically where an imbalance of age, development, or power prevents informed consent.