9,901 articles
Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan
The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan (2010) is a consensus constitutional reform that abolished the Concurrent List, devolved 17 federal ministries to the provinces, curtailed presidential powers, and, with the 7th NFC Award, reshaped fiscal federalism.
Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
The Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution established national Prohibition, banning manufacture, sale, and transportation of intoxicating liquors; it was ratified January 16, 1919 and repealed in 1933.
Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
The Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland (1983) guaranteed the equal right to life of mother and unborn, effectively banning abortion; repealed by the 2018 Thirty-sixth Amendment after the May 2018 referendum.
Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, part of the Bill of Rights (ratified 1791), prohibits excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishments; its clauses govern bail setting, civil forfeiture, proportionality, and conditions of confinement.
Ekaterina Trendafilova (Екатерина Трендафилова)
Ekaterina Trendafilova (Екатерина Трендафилова) is a Bulgarian jurist who served as an International Criminal Court judge and has led the Kosovo Specialist Chambers since 2017.
El Dorado Correctional Facility
El Dorado Correctional Facility (EDCF), opened 1991 near El Dorado, Kansas, is the Kansas Department of Corrections' newest prison for adult males, housing maximum, medium, and special management custody, operating the statewide Reception and Diagnostic Unit, and serving as the system's primary mental health facility with 192 behavioral beds.
El-Farouk Khaki
El-Farouk Khaki (born 1963) is a Tanzanian-born Toronto refugee and immigration lawyer, founder of Salaam (1991), the first queer Muslim group in Canada, and co-founder of the Toronto Unity Mosque.
Elaine E. Bucklo
Elaine E. Bucklo, born 1944 in Chelsea, Massachusetts, is a senior United States district judge for the Northern District of Illinois, appointed by President Bill Clinton in 1994.
Elder abuse
Elder abuse, also called elder mistreatment, is harm to an older adult within a trusting relationship, spanning physical, sexual, psychological, and financial abuse, neglect, and abandonment, affecting about 1 in 6 people over 60 each year.
Eldon E. Fallon
Eldon E. Fallon, born 1939 in New Orleans, is an American federal district judge appointed by President Bill Clinton in 1995, known for presiding over the Vioxx litigation.
Eleanor L. Ross
Eleanor L. Ross, born 1967, is an American jurist serving as a United States district judge for the Northern District of Georgia since 2014, nominated by President Barack Obama.
Eleanor of Arborea
Eleanor of Arborea (Elianora de Arbaree), c. 1340 to c. 1403-04, giudicessa regent of the Sardinian Giudicato of Arborea from 1383, fought the Crown of Aragon and promulgated the Carta de Logu, Sardinia's law code until 1827.
Election petition
Election petition: formal court or tribunal challenge to an election result, filed within fixed deadlines (UK 21 days, Australia 40, Pakistan 45, Kenya 7 for presidential). Originated in British parliamentary practice, transferred to judges by the 1868 Act.
Elective share
Elective share, also called statutory or forced share, is a US surviving spouse's right to take a fixed fraction, traditionally one-third, of a deceased spouse's estate despite the will; UPC states use an augmented estate reaching nonprobate transfers.
Electoral Dispute Resolution Tribunals in Latin America
Electoral dispute resolution tribunals in Latin America are specialized courts that adjudicate election challenges and often run elections, pioneered by Uruguay in 1924 and Chile in 1925.
Electorate of Bavaria
Electorate of Bavaria (Kurfürstentum Bayern), 1623–1806, a Wittelsbach hereditary electorate of the Holy Roman Empire; electoral dignity granted to Maximilian I in 1623, confirmed at Westphalia 1648, ended by elevation to a kingdom in 1806.
Electric chair
The electric chair is a U.S. execution device passing lethal current through electrodes on the body, first used on William Kemmler in New York in 1890; now authorized in nine states, rarely used, last in Tennessee in 2020.
Electrocution
Electrocution by electric chair: a US execution method proposed in 1881 by dentist Albert Southwick, first used on William Kemmler in 1890, dominant for nearly a century, now a backup method in nine states.
Electronic tagging
Electronic tagging (electronic monitoring, EM): ankle-worn devices used by courts, prisons, and parole authorities to enforce curfews, exclusion zones, and alcohol bans. First criminal justice order 1983; about 500,000 people monitored in 2022; cheaper than prison, costlier than probation.
Element (criminal law)
In criminal law, an element of a crime is a component the prosecution must prove beyond a reasonable doubt, typically including actus reus, mens rea, and causation.
Elena Kagan
Elena Kagan (born 1960) is an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court since 2010, formerly the first woman U.S. Solicitor General and dean of Harvard Law School, known for accessible opinions and defense of precedent.
Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution
Eleventh Amendment (1795) to the U.S. Constitution, a response to Chisholm v. Georgia, bars federal suits against states by out-of-state or foreign citizens, embodying state sovereign immunity with exceptions like Ex parte Young.
Eli J. Richardson
Eli J. Richardson, born Eli Jeremy Richardson in 1967, is an American jurist serving as a US district judge for the Middle District of Tennessee since 2018.
Eligibility and appointment of justices of the Supreme Court of Canada
Justices of the Supreme Court of Canada are nine judges appointed under the Supreme Court Act, with three seats reserved for Quebec and retirement at 75.
Elisabeth Mann Borgese
Elisabeth Mann Borgese (1918–2002), German-born daughter of Thomas Mann, 'Mother of the Oceans', founded the International Ocean Institute and championed the common heritage of mankind in UNCLOS from Dalhousie University.
Elizabeth A. Kovachevich
Elizabeth Anne Kovachevich is an American jurist, a senior judge on the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Florida appointed by Ronald Reagan in 1982.
Elizabeth A. Wolford
Elizabeth Ann Wolford is an American jurist serving as a United States district judge for the Western District of New York since 2013, appointed by President Barack Obama.
Elizabeth Báthory
Elizabeth Báthory (Báthory Erzsébet), 1560–1614, Hungarian countess of Čachtice Castle, the "Blood Countess." Arrested 1610 by Palatine Thurzó, never tried; the blood-bath legend appears only in 18th-century accounts.
Elizabeth C. Coombe
Elizabeth C. Coombe is an American jurist serving as a United States district judge for the Northern District of New York since 2024, appointed by President Biden.
Elizabeth E. Foote
Elizabeth E. Foote, born 1953, is an American jurist serving as a senior judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana.