9,901 articles
European Group on Tort Law
European Group on Tort Law (Tilburg Group): scholarly association founded 1992/1993 by Jaap Spier that drafted the Principles of European Tort Law (PETL), published 2005 with Springer, and is revising them with Vienna-based ECTIL.
European Rail Traffic Management System
European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS): the EU's single interoperable signalling standard, comprising ETCS train protection, GSM-R/FRMCS radio (RMR), and ATO, replacing over 20 national train control systems, with TEN-T deployment deadlines of 2030 and 2050.
European tort law
European tort law: the national tort and delict systems of Europe (France, Germany, England as core models), EU harmonised rules such as the 1985/2024 Product Liability Directive, and academic harmonisation projects like the Principles of European Tort Law.
European Union Aviation Safety Agency
European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), EU decentralised aviation safety regulator in Cologne, Germany, established 2002. Certifies aircraft, engines, and parts, oversees Member States, and validates FAA certifications under bilateral agreements.
European Union value added tax
European Union value added tax (EU VAT), governed by Council Directive 2006/112/EC, is a harmonised destination-principle consumption tax charged at every transaction stage and borne by final consumers. Members raise over €1,000 billion yearly; standard rate minimum 15%; ViDA digitalisation adopted 2025.
Eva Coo
Eva Coo (Eva Curry, 1889-1935), Canadian-American Oneonta, New York brothel owner executed at Sing Sing in 1935 for the insurance-motivated 1934 mallet-and-car murder of handyman Harry Wright with accomplice Martha Clift.
Eva Joly
Eva Joly, Norwegian-born former French investigating magistrate (1990-2002), led the Elf Aquitaine corruption probe; later MEP for Europe Ecologie 2009-2019 and 2012 presidential candidate.
Evan J. Wallach
Evan J. Wallach, born 1949, is an American jurist serving as a senior judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit since 2021.
Eve teasing
Eve teasing: South Asian (Indian English) term for public sexual harassment of women and girls, covering catcalling, groping, stalking, and obscene gestures; criticized as a trivializing euphemism for street harassment.
Evelyn Frechette
Evelyn 'Billie' Frechette (1907–1969), Menominee girlfriend of John Dillinger, convicted in 1934 of harboring a federal fugitive, later a touring lecturer, portrayed by Marion Cotillard in Public Enemies (2009).
Evelyn Padin
Evelyn Padin, born in 1960 in Jersey City, is a United States district judge for the District of New Jersey since 2022 and a former New Jersey State Bar Association president.
Evgeny Pashukanis (Евгений Брониславович Пашуканис)
Evgeny Pashukanis (Евгений Брониславович Пашуканис) was a Soviet jurist, the leading Marxist legal philosopher of the 1920s, known for the commodity-form theory of law and executed in 1937.
Eviction
Eviction is the legal removal of a renter from a home via court process; also called forced eviction in human rights law. Covers procedure stages, Article 8 ECHR proportionality review, US and Global South patterns, and consequences.
Evidence (law)
Evidence (law): rules governing what material courts may consider and how. In U.S. federal courts codified as the Federal Rules of Evidence, enacted January 2, 1975, effective July 1, 1975, covering relevance, hearsay, privileges, and expert testimony.
Evin Prison (زندان اوین)
Evin Prison (زندان اوین), Tehran's notorious prison built in 1971 under SAVAK, holds Iran's political prisoners in wards 209, 240, and 325. Site of 1988 mass executions, the October 2022 fire, and the June 2025 Israeli strike that killed about 71 people.
Ewing Werlein, Jr.
Ewing Werlein, Jr. (born 1936) is an American jurist serving as a senior United States district judge for the Southern District of Texas since 2006.
Ex gratia
Ex gratia (Latin, "as a favour"): voluntary payments made without admission of legal liability or obligation, used by governments for maladministration redress, disaster and conflict relief, and in charity, insurance, and employment settlements.
Ex parte
Ex parte, Latin for "from one party," covers one-sided court proceedings and judge communications without notice to the other side, used for urgent relief like temporary restraining orders but restricted by due process and ethics rules.
Ex post facto law
Ex post facto law: retroactive legislation, chiefly criminal laws that criminalize past conduct or increase punishment. Barred by US Constitution Article I and ICCPR Article 15; defined by Calder v. Bull's four categories.
Ex turpi causa non oritur actio
Ex turpi causa non oritur actio is a common law maxim barring claims founded on a claimant's own illegal or immoral conduct. Classic statement by Lord Mansfield in Holman v Johnson (1775); modern approach set out in Patel v Mirza [2016] UKSC 42.
Examining magistrate
The examining magistrate, or investigative judge, is a judge in civil-law systems who leads complex criminal investigations, such as those involving international terrorism and public health affairs.
Examining magistrate in defunct and reformed legal systems
The examining magistrate was a judge who directed the pretrial investigation of a criminal case in an inquisitorial procedure, and the office has been abolished in Germany and Italy.
Exclusionary rule
The exclusionary rule is a US judge-made doctrine barring government use of evidence obtained in constitutional violation, established federally in Weeks v. United States (1914) and extended to states by Mapp v. Ohio (1961), with exceptions such as good faith and inevitable discovery.
Exculpatory evidence
Exculpatory evidence is criminal-case evidence tending to excuse or absolve a defendant, as opposed to inculpatory evidence. Under Brady v. Maryland (1963), US prosecutors must disclose material exculpatory and impeachment evidence regardless of defense request.
Excuse
Excuse, in criminal law, a defense admitting the criminal act but denying blameworthiness due to impaired choice (insanity, duress, involuntary intoxication, mistake), contrasted with justification, which denies wrongfulness; core of justification-excuse theory.
Execution by elephant
Execution by elephant: capital punishment by trained elephants crushing or dismembering the condemned, used across South and Southeast Asia for millennia, notably under the Delhi Sultanate and Mughals, and echoed in American circus elephant executions such as Topsy's 1903 electrocution.
Execution by firing squad
Execution by firing squad: simultaneous rifle volley aimed at the heart; rare in the US (six since 1977), legal in five states, now Idaho's primary method and a federal option.
Execution by shooting
Execution by shooting, usually by firing squad, kills a condemned person with simultaneous rifle fire aimed at the heart. Five US states authorize it, Idaho made it primary in 2026, and the Army scheduled Nidal Hasan's December 2026 firing-squad execution.
Execution chamber
Execution chamber: the secure prison room where judicial executions are carried out, housing the gurney, electric chair, gas chamber, or firing-squad chair, plus a witness room. Key facts: first electrocution of Kemmler in 1890, lethal injection dominant since 1982, nitrogen hypoxia first used in Alabama in 2024.
Execution of Alan Eugene Miller
Alan Eugene Miller (born 1965) was executed by nitrogen hypoxia in Alabama on September 26, 2024, the second such U.S. execution and 1600th since 1976, after a botched 2022 lethal injection and settled litigation over the method.