230 articles
Erie people
The Erie people were an Iroquoian-speaking Native American confederacy along the southern shore of Lake Erie, in New York and Pennsylvania, defeated by the Iroquois between 1654 and 1656.
Eskimo
Eskimo: an exonym for Arctic Indigenous peoples including the Inuit, Iñupiat, and Yup'ik. From Montagnais ayas̆kimew, 'snowshoe-netter'; rejected by the Inuit Circumpolar Council in 1977, fading in Alaska, offensive in Canada.
First Nations in Canada
First Nations are the Indigenous peoples of Canada other than Inuit and Métis: 1,048,405 people in the 2021 Census, over 600 nations, rights affirmed under section 35, with treaties, self-government agreements, land title claims, and language revitalization defining their current position.
Genocide of Indigenous peoples
Genocide of Indigenous peoples: colonial and settler-colonial destruction of Indigenous groups, defined by the 1948 UN Genocide Convention and Lemkin's concept; key cases include the Americas, California 1848–1860, and German South-West Africa, with debate over intent, disease mortality, and cultural genocide.
Greenlandic Inuit
Greenlandic Inuit (Kalaallit, Tunumiit, Inughuit) are the Indigenous Inuit peoples of Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat), about 56,000 people in a self-governing Danish territory, descended mainly from Thule culture migrants from Alaska.
Guaraní people
Guaraní: indigenous Tupi-Guarani-speaking people (self-name Awá) of Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina, and Bolivia; subgroups Mbyá, Kaiowá, Ñandeva, Ava Guaraní; ~280,000 people, official language in Paraguay since 1992.
Guna people
Guna (Dule, formerly Kuna), Indigenous people of Panama's Caribbean Guna Yala archipelago (formerly San Blas); won autonomy through the 1925 Guna Revolution and Republic of Tule; matrilineal society, mola textiles, comarca self-government, 2024 Gardi Sugdub climate relocation.
Gwichʼin
Gwichʼin: Dene (Athabaskan) people of the Mackenzie Delta, northern Yukon, and northeast Alaska, also called Loucheux. Known for the 1992 Gwich'in Comprehensive Land Claim Agreement, ongoing self-government talks, and defense of the Porcupine caribou herd.
Hadza people
Hadza people (Hadzabe), about 1,200 hunter-gatherers near Lake Eyasi, northern Tanzania, in camps of ~30 moving every two months; women forage plant foods, men hunt and take honey; ~250 remain full-time foragers.
Haida people
Haida people (X̱aayda/X̱aad), Indigenous Northwest Coast nation of Haida Gwaii, British Columbia, and southeast Alaska. Known for formline art, totem poles, population collapse after contact, and 2024-2025 recognition of Aboriginal title to Haida Gwaii.
Hiawatha
Hiawatha (Hayo'wetha, Aionwahta), Haudenosaunee co-founder with the Peacemaker of the Iroquois Confederacy's Great Law of Peace and bringer of wampum; distinct from Longfellow's 1855 poem hero based on the Ojibwe Manabozho.
Himba people
The Himba, or Ovahimba, are a semi-nomadic pastoral people of the Herero family living in northwestern Namibia and southern Angola, known for red ochre and cattle herding.
History of Native Americans in the United States
History of Native Americans in the United States: Indigenous nations from precontact times through treaties (350+ by 1871), Removal Act 1830, Dawes Act 1887, Indian Citizenship Act 1924, Reorganization 1934, Termination, and Self-Determination 1975–present.
Ho-Chunk
Ho-Chunk (Hoocąk, formerly Wisconsin Winnebago): Siouan-speaking Native American nation of Wisconsin, 7,752 citizens, four-branch government, 1994 name reclamation, treaties and removals, gaming economy, 2026 Dane County land return.
Hopi
The Hopi are a Pueblo people of northeastern Arizona whose sovereign Hopi Tribe governs 12 villages on three mesas across more than 1.5 million acres, with a Tribal Council established in 1936 and a homeland surrounded by the Navajo Nation.
Ibaloi people
The Ibaloi (Ibaloy, Nabaloi, Benguet Igorot) are an ethnolinguistic group of southeastern Benguet and Baguio in the Philippine Cordillera, known for the Ibaloy language, baknang elite, gold mining, kinuday smoked meat, and the 1909 Mateo Cariño native title case.
Iban people
The Iban people, historically called the Sea Dayaks, are an indigenous Dayak people of Borneo, numbering about 400,000 in Sarawak, where they live in longhouse communities along rivers.
Igorot people
Igorot, collective exonym for the indigenous ethnolinguistic peoples of the Gran Cordillera Central, northern Luzon, Philippines (from i- plus golot, mountain people). Covers Bontoc, Ifugao, Kankanaey, Ibaloi, Kalinga, and Apayao; term standardized by US colonial censuses and contested by some groups.
Illinois Confederation
The Illinois Confederation, known to the French as Illiniwek, was a loose group of up to 12 Algonquian-speaking tribes in the central Mississippi River valley, most of present-day Illinois, numbering about 10,000 in the early 1600s.
Indian Act
Indian Act: Canadian federal statute (R.S.C. 1985, c. I-5), enacted 1876, defining Indian status, bands, reserves, and band governance for First Nations; last amended 2019 (Bill S-3), with Bill S-2 registration reform pending.
Indian reservation
An Indian reservation, also called an American Indian or Native American reservation, is land set aside in the United States as a permanent homeland for one or more tribes.
Indian Territory
Indian Territory: US lands west of the Mississippi reserved for removed eastern tribes, now eastern Oklahoma; never formally organized, merged with Oklahoma Territory into the State of Oklahoma on November 16, 1907.
Indigenous Australians
Indigenous Australians, also called Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples or First Nations peoples, are Australia's original inhabitants, 812,728 people (3.2%) at the 2021 Census, with at least 65,000 years of occupation, 167 home languages, no treaty, and a rejected 2023 Voice referendum.
Indigenous identity fraud in Canada and the United States
Indigenous identity fraud, also called pretendianism, is falsely claiming Indigenous ancestry or identity for jobs, funding, or awards in Canada and the United States. Covers terminology, notable cases, harms, DNA limits, and university verification policies.
Indigenous peoples
Indigenous peoples: over 476 million people in 90-plus countries (6.2% of humanity), defined by self-identification rather than a UN definition; rights under UNDRIP (2007) and ILO Convention 169, and recognized stewardship of a quarter of global land.
Indigenous peoples in Brazil
Indigenous peoples in Brazil (povos indígenas): 1,694,836 people in the 2022 census, 391 ethnicities, 295 languages; land rights under Article 231, demarcation under Decree 1775/96, marco temporal struck down by the STF.
Indigenous peoples in Canada
Indigenous peoples in Canada: the First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples recognized in section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982; 1.8 million people (5.0%) at the 2021 Census.
Indigenous peoples in Colombia
Indigenous peoples in Colombia, also called Native Colombians, are about 115 self-recognized aboriginal peoples, 1.9 million people or 4.4 percent of the population in 2018.
Indigenous peoples in Quebec
Indigenous peoples in Quebec comprise 11 recognized nations, 10 First Nations plus the Inuit, in three language families. Key facts: 41 communities, 122,403 registered people (2025), 205,010 census-identified (2021), James Bay Agreement 1975.
Indigenous peoples of Arizona
Indigenous peoples of Arizona: 22 federally recognized Native nations, including the Navajo (Diné), Tohono O'odham, Apache, Hopi, and Yavapai, whose reservations cover nearly a quarter of the state.