2,407 articles
Hidalgo (nobility)
Hidalgo (hidalguía): the lowest, most numerous hereditary rank of the Castilian nobility, untitled and tax-exempt, from fijo d'algo "son of somebody"; proven through chancery lawsuits and cartas ejecutorias, concentrated in northern Spain.
Hidatsa
The Hidatsa are a Native American people of the Upper Missouri in North Dakota, formed from three groups (Awatixa, Awaxawi, Hidatsa-proper, "People of the Willows") who farmed earthlodge villages at the Knife River, suffered 1837 smallpox, moved to Like-a-Fishhook Village in 1845, and now belong to the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation on the Fort Berthold Reservation.
Hierarchical organization
Hierarchical organization: ranked levels of authority in firms, states, and societies, contrasted with decentralized and network forms; evidence on performance, red tape, and history.
Hijra (South Asia)
Hijra: centuries-old South Asian third-gender community (khwaja sira, kinnar) with guru-chela social structure; legally recognized in Nepal, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh, yet facing marked discrimination, ritual and begging livelihoods, and elevated HIV and syphilis burden.
Hillbilly
Hillbilly: American slang for a poor rural white person of Appalachia or the Ozarks, first defined in print in 1900; also a 1920s-1940s music-industry genre label for what became country music, used as both slur and badge of pride.
Hima people
Hima (Bahima; singular Muhima): cattle-keeping pastoralist class of southwestern Uganda and the Great Lakes, historically dominant over the farming Iru in Ankole, Bunyoro, and Toro; 300,000–400,000 people; related to the Tutsi.
Himba people
The Himba, or Ovahimba, are a semi-nomadic pastoral people of the Herero family living in northwestern Namibia and southern Angola, known for red ochre and cattle herding.
Hipster (contemporary subculture)
Contemporary hipster: pejorative label for young urban middle-class consumers of vintage clothing, indie music, and craft goods; rooted in 1940s jazz culture and Mailer's 1957 'White Negro', revived in 1990s Williamsburg, later tied to gentrification and mainstream commercial co-optation.
Hirabai Lobi
Hirabai Ibrahim Lobi (हीराबाई इब्राहीम लोबी), Siddi social worker of Jambur, Gujarat; founded Mahila Vikas Foundation 2004 and Balwadi kindergartens; Padma Shri 2023 for Social Work (Tribal); died 24 January 2025.
Hispanic
Hispanic: U.S. ethnic category for people of Spanish-speaking origin or descent, defined by the OMB regardless of race; also called Latino. 70.1 million Americans (21%) in 2025; Hispanic preferred over Latino by 54% to 30%.
Hispanic and Latino (ethnic categories)
Hispanic and Latino are pan-ethnic categories in U.S. federal statistics for people of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or other Spanish origin, regardless of race.
Hispanic and Latino Americans
Hispanic and Latino Americans: US residents of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish origin regardless of race; an ethnicity, not a race, marked by census undercounts, education gains, wage gaps, and the Hispanic mortality paradox.
Hispanicized Filipino-Chinese surnames
Hispanicized Filipino-Chinese surnames are Chinese-origin Philippine family names reshaped into Spanish-sounding forms, chiefly via the 1849 Claveria decree, patriarch-name adoption (Cojuangco, Teehankee), the Hokkien suffix -co, and baptismal godparent names, distinct from retained monosyllabic surnames like Tan.
Historical definitions of races in India
Historical racial definitions in India: colonial-era schemes, chiefly Herbert Risley's 1901 census typology using nasal anthropometry to rank Aryan and Dravidian races, continued by Indian scholars such as B.S. Guha, later discredited by genetics and modern anthropology.
Historical race concepts
Historical race concepts: frameworks from Bernier (1684), Linnaeus, Kant, and Blumenbach through eugenics to the twentieth-century anthropological, UNESCO, and genetic critiques, and today's social-constructivist and genomics-era population-descriptor frameworks.
Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States
Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States: how census race and ethnicity categories evolved from 1790's three categories to the 2024 SPD 15 revision adding a MENA category and a combined question.
History of Armenian Americans in Los Angeles
History of Armenian Americans in Los Angeles: waves from the Ottoman and Russian empires (1890-1924), the Middle East (1970s-1980s), and the post-Soviet period; Hollywood's Little Armenia, Glendale's roughly 40 percent Armenian population, and the city's new Armenian American Historic Context Statement.
History of Chinese Americans
History of Chinese Americans: Chinese migration and life in the United States from the Gold Rush and transcontinental railroad through the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act, Wong Kim Ark, 1943 repeal, and post-1965 growth.
History of human migration
History of human migration: the out-of-Africa spread of Homo sapiens over 300,000 years, peopling of Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas, Neolithic and steppe movements revealed by ancient DNA, and modern international migration, 304 million people or 3.7 percent of humanity in 2024.
History of Native Americans in the United States
History of Native Americans in the United States: Indigenous nations from precontact times through treaties (350+ by 1871), Removal Act 1830, Dawes Act 1887, Indian Citizenship Act 1924, Reorganization 1934, Termination, and Self-Determination 1975–present.
History of the Jews in China
History of the Jews in China: twelve centuries from Tang-era Jewish merchants to the Kaifeng community (synagogue 1163, assimilated by the 19th century) and modern Sephardi, Russian, and WWII refugee communities in Shanghai, Harbin, and Tianjin.
History of the Jews in Hungary
History of the Jews in Hungary (magyar zsidóság): a community of almost one million before World War I, split into Neolog, Orthodox, and Status Quo branches, decimated by the 1944 deportations to Auschwitz and the Arrow Cross terror, with about 100,000 Jews in Hungary today.
History of the Jews in India
History of the Jews in India: the Bene Israel, Cochin Jews, and Baghdadi Jews, distinct communities settled over two millennia, largely without antisemitism, mostly emigrating to Israel in the 1950s and 1960s, leaving fewer than 5,000 Jews in India today.
History of the Jews in Los Angeles
History of the Jews in Los Angeles: from Jacob Frankfort's 1841 arrival through Boyle Heights, the postwar boom to 600,000 people, Fairfax, Iranian Jewish migration, and Cedars-Sinai.
History of the Jews in Romania
History of the Jews in Romania: Jewish life from Roman Dacia and medieval Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania through emancipation struggles, the Holocaust under Antonescu (280,000-380,000 killed), communist-era emigration, and today's community of about 8,900.
History of the Jews in Russia
History of the Jews in Russia, also covering the Pale of Settlement (черта оседлости) era: Jewish life under the Russian Empire, Soviet Union, and Russian Federation, from the 1772 and 1791 Pale laws through pogroms, the 1917 revolution, the Holocaust, and post-Soviet emigration.
History of the Jews in the United States
The history of the Jews in the United States spans about 370 years, from 23 Sephardic refugees arriving in New Amsterdam in 1654 to 7.5 million today.
History of the Jews in Ukraine
History of the Jews in Ukraine: a Jewish presence from the 4th century BC Black Sea colonies through Khazaria, Kyivan Rus, the Pale of Settlement, Hasidism's birthplace, the Holocaust at Babyn Yar, and today's third-largest Jewish community in Europe.
History of the Kurds
History of the Kurds: Iranian-speaking mountain people of Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and the Iranian plateau, first chronicled by Sharaf Khan Bidlisi's Sharafnama, divided by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne among Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria, with the 1946 Republic of Mahabad as their only modern state.
History of the Romani people
History of the Romani people, Europe's largest ethnic minority (10–12 million): Indian origins, migration to Europe about 1,000 years ago, slavery in the Romanian principalities, the Nazi genocide of up to 500,000, and EU inclusion policy since 2011.