930 articles
Citizenship Amendment Act protests
Nationwide Indian protest movement, December 2019 to March 2020, against the Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2019, which first made religion a citizenship criterion; centered on Shaheen Bagh sit-in, with deaths, detentions and 2024 implementation.
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Civil Rights Act of 1866, enacted April 9, 1866 over President Andrew Johnson's veto; first major U.S. law passed over a veto. Declared birthright citizenship and equal contract, court, and property rights; became template for the Fourteenth Amendment; survives as 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981-1982.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Public Law 88-352), signed by Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2, 1964, bans discrimination by race, color, religion, sex, and national origin in employment, public accommodations, and federally funded programs, and created the EEOC under Title VII.
Civil rights movements
Civil rights movements are organized campaigns for equal legal treatment, from the US Black freedom struggle of the 1950s-1960s (Montgomery boycott, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights Act of 1965) to Black Lives Matter and 2025-2026 voting rights protests, with parallel women's, LGBTQI+, and global movements.
Claire Wineland
Claire Wineland, also known as Claire Lucia Wineland, was an American activist with cystic fibrosis who founded Claire's Place Foundation and died in 2018 at age 21.
Claudette Colvin
Claudette Colvin (1939–2026), American civil rights pioneer arrested March 2, 1955 at age 15 for refusing a Montgomery segregated bus seat nine months before Rosa Parks, and plaintiff in Browder v. Gayle.
Clement Payne
Clement Osbourne Payne (1904–1941) was a Trinidad-born Barbadian labor organizer whose deportation in July 1937 triggered four days of rioting known as the 1937 Disturbances.
Cloward–Piven strategy
Cloward–Piven strategy: 1966 proposal by sociologists Richard Cloward and Frances Fox Piven in The Nation to overload US welfare rolls and force a guaranteed annual income; later a tea party conspiracy theory.
Collective action
Collective action is group action toward a common goal, also called the collective action problem or free rider problem. Defined by Olson's 1965 Logic of Collective Action, studied via Ostrom's commons work, social movement theory, and psychology of protest participation.
Collective Shout
Collective Shout, founded by Melinda Tankard Reist, is an Australian grassroots anti-pornography campaign group opposing objectification of women and sexualization of girls; known for the 2018 Sexpo lawsuit win and the 2025 Steam payment-processor campaign.
Communalism in Mauritius
Communalism in Mauritius is the organization of political and social life around caste, class, language, and religious allegiances, embedded in a constitution requiring candidates to declare one of four communities.
Compulsory sterilization
Compulsory sterilization is surgical sterilization without a person's informed consent, ordered by a state and now recognized as a human rights violation.
Confederation Riots
The Confederation Riots were an 1876 outbreak of violence in Barbados, where African-Barbadian laborers plundered plantations and ended a British plan to confederate the island with the Windward Islands.
Conflict resolution
Conflict resolution: the process and interdisciplinary field (conflict analysis and resolution, peace research) by which disputing parties reach agreement through negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and UN Charter peaceful-settlement methods.
Conga mining conflict
The Conga mining conflict was a dispute over a proposed gold and copper mine in Cajamarca, Peru, pitting Minera Yanacocha against communities over water, peaking in deadly 2012 protests.
Congo Reform Association
The Congo Reform Association was a British campaigning organization founded by E. D. Morel in 1904 to end King Leopold II's rule over the Congo Free State.
Congress of Racial Equality
The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), founded in Chicago in 1942 by James Farmer, George Houser, and others from the Fellowship of Reconciliation, was an interracial civil rights organization that pioneered nonviolent direct action, sit-ins, the 1947 Journey of Reconciliation, the 1961 Freedom Rides, and Freedom Summer, before shifting to Black Power in 1966 under Floyd McKissick.
Consistent life ethic
Consistent life ethic (seamless garment, whole life): ethical position opposing abortion, euthanasia, assisted suicide, capital punishment, and unjust war; named by Cardinal Joseph Bernardin's 1983 Fordham lecture.
Controversy
Controversy: a large, long-lasting public disagreement sustained by opposed argumentative positions, also called public or scientific controversy. Defined by persistence, multiple actors, and value conflicts; measured computationally and linked to polarization and chilling effects.
Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages
UN multilateral treaty (resolution 1763 (XVII), 7 November 1962; New York, 10 December 1962) requiring free consent to marriage, a legislated minimum age, and marriage registration; in force 9 December 1964, 56 parties.
Cordobazo
The Cordobazo was a worker and student uprising in Córdoba, Argentina, on 29 and 30 May 1969, against the military dictatorship of Juan Carlos Onganía.
Coretta Scott King
Coretta Scott King (1927-2006), American civil rights leader, author, and wife of Martin Luther King Jr.; founding president of the King Center, holiday campaign chair, and advocate for peace, women's rights, and anti-apartheid causes.
Counterculture
Counterculture: the youth-based cultural dissent movement of the mid-1960s to mid-1970s, also called the hippie movement, opposing dominant social norms through communes, food co-ops, rock music, and antiwar protest; it peaked in the late 1960s and ended with the Vietnam War in 1975.
Counterculture of the 1960s
The counterculture of the 1960s (also called the hippie movement) was an alternative youth lifestyle of drugs, communal living, protest, and rock music centered on San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury, peaking with the 1967 Summer of Love and fading by 1973.
Craig Cobb
Craig Cobb (born 1951) is an American white supremacist and neo-Nazi activist known for his failed 2012-2013 attempt to take over Leith, North Dakota, his 2014 terrorizing plea, and a DNA test showing 14% sub-Saharan African ancestry.
Critical race theory
Critical race theory (CRT) is a body of legal scholarship, developed in United States law schools in the late 1970s and early 1980s, examining how racism is embedded in legal institutions.
Critical theory
Critical theory is a family of theories aiming to critique and transform society; capitalized, it names the Frankfurt School tradition begun at Frankfurt's Institute for Social Research in the 1930s.
Criticism of Facebook
Criticism of Facebook covers objections to Meta's platform: the Cambridge Analytica data harvesting of 87 million users, mixed mental-health evidence, moderation reversals including the January 2025 end of fact-checking, algorithmic news deprioritization, and EU Digital Services Act addictive-design charges.
Cross burning
Cross burning: setting a cross on fire as intimidation, adopted by the Ku Klux Klan from 1915 (Stone Mountain, Leo Frank lynching); criminalized under federal and state statutes and shaped by Virginia v. Black (2003).
Cultural appropriation
Cultural appropriation is the taking of practices, symbols, artifacts, dress, music, or knowledge from one culture by members of another, typically across a power imbalance, without consent, credit, or compensation; also called cultural borrowing, distinct from exchange and appreciation.