2,229 articles
Concubinage
Concubinage, from Latin concubina, is cohabitation as married persons without full legal marriage. Covers Roman law status, medieval church tolerance, Council of Trent abolition, Islamic and Chinese concubinage, and modern French and Mexican inheritance law.
Confederation Riots
The Confederation Riots were an 1876 outbreak of violence in Barbados, where African-Barbadian laborers plundered plantations and ended a British plan to confederate the island with the Windward Islands.
Conflict resolution
Conflict resolution: the process and interdisciplinary field (conflict analysis and resolution, peace research) by which disputing parties reach agreement through negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and UN Charter peaceful-settlement methods.
Conga mining conflict
The Conga mining conflict was a dispute over a proposed gold and copper mine in Cajamarca, Peru, pitting Minera Yanacocha against communities over water, peaking in deadly 2012 protests.
Congo Reform Association
The Congo Reform Association was a British campaigning organization founded by E. D. Morel in 1904 to end King Leopold II's rule over the Congo Free State.
Congress of Racial Equality
The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), founded in Chicago in 1942 by James Farmer, George Houser, and others from the Fellowship of Reconciliation, was an interracial civil rights organization that pioneered nonviolent direct action, sit-ins, the 1947 Journey of Reconciliation, the 1961 Freedom Rides, and Freedom Summer, before shifting to Black Power in 1966 under Floyd McKissick.
Consanguinity
Consanguinity (close-kin marriage, second cousins or closer): about 10.4% of the global population; first-cousin unions carry an inbreeding coefficient of 1/16 and roughly double congenital disorder risk, with practice concentrated in MENA and South Asia.
Consistent life ethic
Consistent life ethic (seamless garment, whole life): ethical position opposing abortion, euthanasia, assisted suicide, capital punishment, and unjust war; named by Cardinal Joseph Bernardin's 1983 Fordham lecture.
Continental Baths
Continental Baths, a gay bathhouse in the Ansonia Hotel basement, New York, 1968 to mid-1970s, founded by Steve Ostrow; launched Bette Midler, Barry Manilow, DJs Knuckles, and Levan.
Controversy
Controversy: a large, long-lasting public disagreement sustained by opposed argumentative positions, also called public or scientific controversy. Defined by persistence, multiple actors, and value conflicts; measured computationally and linked to polarization and chilling effects.
Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages
UN multilateral treaty (resolution 1763 (XVII), 7 November 1962; New York, 10 December 1962) requiring free consent to marriage, a legislated minimum age, and marriage registration; in force 9 December 1964, 56 parties.
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
CEDAW, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, is a 1979 UN treaty defining discrimination against women; 189 states parties, monitored by a 23-expert committee, with a 1999 Optional Protocol.
Coparenting
Coparenting is the support, solidarity, and coordination between adults sharing a child's upbringing, studied across intact, divorced, step-, and kinship families; dimensions include cooperation, conflict, and triangulation, with meta-analytic links to child adjustment.
Cordobazo
The Cordobazo was a worker and student uprising in Córdoba, Argentina, on 29 and 30 May 1969, against the military dictatorship of Juan Carlos Onganía.
Coretta Scott King
Coretta Scott King (1927-2006), American civil rights leader, author, and wife of Martin Luther King Jr.; founding president of the King Center, holiday campaign chair, and advocate for peace, women's rights, and anti-apartheid causes.
Corrective rape
Corrective rape, also called curative rape, is a hate crime of raping lesbian or gender non-conforming people to "cure" their orientation; coined in South Africa, documented especially against black township lesbians, and contested as a term.
Cottaging
Cottaging, British gay slang (also "tea-room") for seeking or having sex in public lavatories, dating to at least 1729, criminalized under s71 Sexual Offences Act 2003, declined after the 1980s.
Cougar (slang)
Cougar slang: an older woman who dates or pursues much younger men, attested by 2002, probably from Canada, popularized by Valerie Gibson's 2001 book; informal, often offensive, distinct from the wild cat.
Coulrophilia
Coulrophilia is attraction to clowns, usually a sexual fetish or paraphilia and the counterpart of coulrophobia. Coined in the late 1980s or 1990s from the uncertain root coulro-, it has online fetish communities and no DSM diagnosis.
Counterculture
Counterculture: the youth-based cultural dissent movement of the mid-1960s to mid-1970s, also called the hippie movement, opposing dominant social norms through communes, food co-ops, rock music, and antiwar protest; it peaked in the late 1960s and ended with the Vietnam War in 1975.
Counterculture of the 1960s
The counterculture of the 1960s (also called the hippie movement) was an alternative youth lifestyle of drugs, communal living, protest, and rock music centered on San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury, peaking with the 1967 Summer of Love and fading by 1973.
Courtesan
Courtesan: a woman combining sexual commerce with artistic and elite companionship for wealthy patrons, distinct from ordinary prostitutes. Key figures include the Greek hetaira, the Italian cortigiana onesta, the Ming Chinese courtesan, and Edo Japan's oiran of Yoshiwara.
Courtship
Courtship is the social interaction through which people or animals develop a romantic bond in preparation for mating or marriage, spanning animal sexual displays, family-arranged betrothals, twentieth-century dating, and modern dating apps.
Courtship in the Philippines
Courtship in the Philippines (ligaw or panliligaw) is the traditional Filipino process in which a man openly courts a woman, serves her family, and proves sincerity until she accepts. Distinguishing practices: harana serenading, pamamanhikan family visit, and slow family-mediated acceptance, now shifting to app-based dating.
Cousin
Cousin: a collateral relative descending from a parent's sibling. English uses one unsexed term (Eskimo/lineal system); Hawaiian, Iroquois, Crow, Omaha, and Sudanese systems distinguish cousin types differently; cousin marriage rules and laws vary.
Cousin marriage
Cousin marriage, or consanguineous marriage, is marriage between cousins, typically first cousins. Legal in most of the world, banned in many US states; raises autosomal recessive disorder risk roughly twofold.
Cousin marriage in the Middle East
Cousin (consanguineous) marriage in the Middle East: unions between second cousins or closer (F ≥ 0.0156), reaching 20–70% of marriages in Arab countries, driven by property retention, education, and rural residence.
Cousin marriage law in the United States
US state statutes restricting or banning first-cousin marriage, with the federal government silent: 22 permissive states, 6 conditional, and 22 bans since Kansas's first in 1858.
Covenant marriage
Covenant marriage is a legally distinct U.S. marriage form in Louisiana, Arizona, and Arkansas requiring premarital counseling and restricting divorce to fault-based grounds; take-up is under 5%.
Covert incest
Covert incest, or emotional incest, is a non-diagnostic term coined by Kenneth Adams in the 1980s for a parent using a child as a surrogate emotional partner, without physical sexual contact; related to parentification and enmeshment.