6,078 articles
Population transfer in the Soviet Union
Population transfer in the Soviet Union: state-organized forced deportations of class and ethnic groups, 1919–1953, via OGPU/NKVD special settlements; dekulakization, Korean and wartime ethnic deportations, Baltic Operation Priboi.
Pornography
Pornography: sexually explicit media intended to cause sexual excitement, spanning ancient erotica to the internet industry. Covers effects research, performer health, and 2025 age-verification laws in the UK, US, and EU.
Pornography in China
Pornography in China: production, sale, and distribution are criminalized under Criminal Law Articles 363-367 with campaign enforcement and online filtering, while private consumption persists via imported material; covers legal thresholds, crackdowns, and research.
Pornography in the United States
Pornography in the United States: sexually explicit media, legal as free speech unless obscene or child pornography under the Miller test, a $10-12 billion industry, now reshaped by state age-verification laws upheld in Free Speech Coalition v. Paxton (2025).
Portuguese exodus from Mozambique
The Portuguese exodus from Mozambique was the mass departure of Portuguese settlers after the 1974 Carnation Revolution and the Lusaka Accord, with independence on 25 June 1975.
Portuguese migration to Guyana and Trinidad
Portuguese migration to Guyana and Trinidad brought about 40,000 laborers, mostly from Madeira, to British Guiana and Trinidad between 1834 and 1975, after the abolition of slavery.
Portuguese people
Portuguese people: nation/ethnic group of Portugal; ~11.4 million residents (14% foreign); 1143 kingdom; genetically diverse Iberian population with African ancestry signals; large diaspora.
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule
The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a self-report questionnaire measuring positive and negative affect as separate dimensions, introduced by Watson, Clark, and Tellegen in 1988.
Positive deviance
Positive deviance is a method that studies people who achieve unusually good outcomes under the same constraints as their peers, then spreads their uncommon practices.
Positive psychology
Positive psychology, launched by Martin Seligman's 1998 APA address and the 2000 Seligman–Csikszentmihalyi manifesto, studies well-being, character strengths, and PERMA; its interventions show modest effects and draw sustained criticism.
Post-coital tristesse
Post-coital tristesse, or postcoital dysphoria (PCD), "post-sex blues", is tearfulness, sadness, anxiety, or irritability after otherwise satisfactory consensual sex; reported in about 46% of women and 41% of men in surveys.
Postcolonial feminism
Postcolonial feminism analyzes how colonialism and global power shape gender oppression. Key figures: Chandra Talpade Mohanty ("Under Western Eyes"), Gayatri Spivak, María Lugones. Distinguished by critiques of Western feminism's "Third World Woman" and links to decolonial feminism.
Postcolonialism
Postcolonialism: academic field studying the legacies of colonialism after the colonial era; founded around Said's Orientalism (1978), developed by Bhabha and Spivak, shaped by subaltern studies, and critiqued by Marxist and decolonial thinkers.
Posthumanism
Posthumanism: family of contemporary theoretical positions rejecting anthropocentrism and decentring the human; distinct from transhumanism, which enhances human limits; spans critical, philosophical, and cultural posthumanism, new materialism, and antihumanism.
Postmodernity
Postmodernity is the societal and cultural condition said to follow modernity, associated with Lyotard's 1979 The Postmodern Condition, Baudrillard's hyperreality, Jameson's late capitalism, and rival late/reflexive modernity theories of Giddens and Beck.
Potawatomi
Potawatomi (Bodéwadmi, Keepers of the Fire): Great Lakes Anishinaabe people with the Ojibwe and Odawa; removed in the 1838 Trail of Death; today 12 nations in the US and Canada, including the 38,000-member Citizen Potawatomi Nation.
Potter's field
Potter's field: a public burial ground for strangers and the friendless poor, named from Matthew 27:7. Hart Island, NYC's tenth and current potter's field since 1869, holds an estimated 750,000 to 1,000,000 burials.
Powhatan
Powhatan (Wahunsenacawh, d. 1618) was the mamanatowick, or paramount chief, of Tsenacomoco, an alliance of 28 to 32 Virginia Algonquian tribes, and the central Native counterpart to the Jamestown colonists from 1607 until his death.
Powhatan (Native American leader)
Powhatan (Wahunsenacawh, c. 1550–1618) was the mamanatowick, paramount chief of Tsenacomoco, who united 28–32 Virginia tribes before Jamestown's 1607 founding; father of Pocahontas, not the Virginia county named for him.
Poznań protests of 1956
Poznań June 1956 (Poznański Czerwiec), first mass workers' protest against Poland's communist government: 28–29 June 1956 strike at ZISPO, ~100,000 demonstrators, suppressed by tanks, 57 dead.
Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar
Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar (Shrii Shrii Anandamurti, 1921–1990), Indian spiritual teacher and philosopher, founded Ananda Marga in 1955 and propounded PROUT; wrote over 100 books and 5,018 songs.
Prabodhankar Thackeray (केशव सीताराम ठाकरे)
Prabodhankar Thackeray (Keshav Sitaram Thackeray, 1885-1973), Marathi social reformer, journalist, and Samyukta Maharashtra leader; father of Bal Thackeray, founded Prabodhan magazine, coined Shiv Sena's name.
Prakash Amte (प्रकाश बाबा आमटे)
Prakash Amte (प्रकाश बाबा आमटे), Indian physician and social worker, born 1948, son of Baba Amte; runs Lok Biradari Prakalp at Hemalkasa, Gadchiroli, with wife Mandakini since 1974; Ramon Magsaysay Award (2008) and Padma Shri recipient.
Pray the Devil Back to Hell
Pray the Devil Back to Hell is a 2008 American documentary directed by Gini Reticker and produced by Abigail Disney, about the Liberian women's peace movement.
Preadolescence
Preadolescence, also called late childhood or the preteen years, is the developmental period before puberty, roughly ages 9 to 13 depending on sex. It precedes adolescence, involves growing peer focus and identity formation, and ends with pubertal onset.
Predicament bondage
Predicament bondage (困境束縛) is an advanced BDSM restraint form where the bound person must continuously choose between uncomfortable positions; relieving one strain increases another. Distinct from static bondage by its built-in dilemma.
Prediction
Prediction in neuroscience: predictive processing theories hold the brain minimizes prediction errors against a generative model, via predictive coding and active inference; evidence is modest but growing, spanning perception, cognition, psychosis, and machine learning.
Predictive coding
Predictive coding is a theoretical framework in which the brain perceives by generating top-down predictions of sensory input and minimizing prediction errors across a hierarchical generative model, applied from cortical theory to computational psychiatry.
Preference test
A preference test is a behavioral paradigm that measures a person's or animal's selection or engagement with options to infer preference, a core tool in applied behavior analysis and animal welfare science.
Preferential looking
Preferential looking is an experimental paradigm that infers what infants and animals can perceive by measuring which of two visual stimuli they look at longer.