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Rum Arabs
Rum Arabs (Rūm, الروم): Arabic-speaking Greek Orthodox Christians of the Levant, descendants of Byzantine Romans; organized in the Ottoman Rum millet, split Orthodox/Melkite after 1724, centered in Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, and Antakya.
Runaway (dependent)
Runaway (dependent): a minor in child welfare or foster care who leaves a state-supervised placement without permission. Covers prevalence, causes, justice-system and permanency risks, and US federal RHY program responses.
Rupert Sheldrake
Rupert Sheldrake (born 1942) is an English biologist, Cambridge PhD in biochemistry, and author of A New Science of Life (1981), known for the morphic resonance hypothesis of formative causation and for telepathy and staring experiments, work widely criticized as pseudoscience.
Rural flight
Rural flight, also called rural depopulation, is the sustained out-migration of young people from countryside to cities, leaving rural regions smaller and older; OECD data show 40% of remote rural regions shrinking and no single policy can halt it.
Rus' people
Rus' people: the medieval Scandinavian-origin traders and warriors (Rus', Old East Slavic русь) whose name came to cover the Rurikid dynasty, its lands, and the East Slavic population of Kievan Rus, claimed as ancestors by Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus.
Ruska Roma (Руска рома)
Ruska Roma (Руска рома), or Russian Roma, also called Xaladitka, are the largest and one of the oldest Romani groups in Russia; Orthodox, Russian-speaking externally, speaking the Ruska Romani dialect, and the source of most early Soviet Romani activists.
Russell M. Nelson
Russell M. Nelson (1924–2025), heart surgeon and 17th President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (2018–2025); apostle from 1984; oldest-ever president; succeeded by Dallin H. Oaks.
Russell Means
Russell Means (Oglala Lakota, 1939–2012), AIM leader who led the 1973 Wounded Knee occupation, later an actor in The Last of the Mohicans and author of Where White Men Fear to Tread.
Russian Americans
Russian Americans are U.S. residents of Russian ancestry or immigration from Russia and its predecessors, counted through ACS ancestry data; shaped by four immigration waves from the 1880s onward and concentrated in New York, California, Florida, and New Jersey.
Russian diaspora
Russian diaspora: Russians and Russian speakers abroad, spanning pre-1917, White, postwar, Soviet, and post-2022 emigration waves plus the post-Soviet near-abroad population, with wave sizes, destinations, and identity shifts.
Russian Mennonites
Russian Mennonites: descendants of Dutch-German Anabaptists who settled Chortitza (1789) and Molotschna (1804) in imperial Ukraine under Catherine II's Privilegium, later emigrating to the Americas; Plautdietsch-speaking, about 200,000 today.
Russian nobility
Russian nobility (dvoryanstvo, дворянство), the privileged legal estate of the Russian Empire; open to commoners via Peter I's Table of Ranks (1722); serf-owning until the 1861 emancipation; abolished with the Empire after 1917.
Russians
Russians (Russkiye) are an East Slavic people native to Russia, where they form the majority and the largest ethnic group, numbering over 105 million in the 2020 census.
Russians in Ukraine
Russians in Ukraine: the ethnic Russian minority and Russian-speaking population, 8.33 million (17.3%) at the 2001 census, concentrated in the east, south, and Crimea; shaped by imperial and Soviet migration, re-identification, and war since 2014.
Rusty trombone
Rusty trombone: vulgar English sex slang for simultaneous anilingus and hand stimulation of a partner; also Dutch roestige trombone. Etymology combines trombone hand-mouth imagery with the rust-color of fecal matter; earliest print citation 2003.
Rusyns (Русины)
Rusyns (Русины), also Carpatho-Rusyns or Ruthenians, are an East Slavic people of the Carpathian Mountains in Ukraine, Slovakia, Poland, Romania, and Serbia, numbering about 1.2 million, never stateless-free, recognized as a minority everywhere except Ukraine.
Ruth Westheimer
Ruth Westheimer (Karola Ruth Siegel), 'Dr. Ruth', German-American sex therapist, Holocaust survivor, Haganah veteran, and author whose 1980 radio show Sexually Speaking normalized public sex talk in America; died 2024.
Ruthenians
Ruthenians (Latin Rutheni, Ukrainian rusyny): historical name for East Slavs, later the Habsburg-era West Ukrainians, now the Carpathian Rusyns; 4.2 million in 1910, Greek Catholic, largely renamed Ukrainians after 1900.
Rwandan refugee camps in Zaire
The Rwandan refugee camps in Zaire were camps in eastern Zaire housing about one million Hutu refugees after the 1994 genocide, run by UNHCR from 1994 to 1996.
Ryff's psychological well-being scales
Ryff's psychological well-being scales, or SPWB, are self-report questionnaires measuring six dimensions of eudaimonic well-being, published by Carol D. Ryff in 1989 and widely used in aging research.
Sabina Spielrein (Сабина Николаевна Шпильрейн)
Sabina Spielrein (Сабина Николаевна Шпильрейн), Russian-born psychoanalyst (1885–1942), Jung's patient at the Burghölzli, author of Destruction as a Cause of Coming into Being (1912), pioneer of child language and child psychiatry, killed by an SS Sonderkommando in Rostov-on-Don.
Sabina Wurmbrand
Sabina Wurmbrand, born Sabina Oster, was a Romanian-born evangelist imprisoned under communism who co-founded The Voice of the Martyrs with her husband Richard and wrote The Pastor's Wife.
Sabra (צבר) (person)
Sabra (צבר, tzabar) denotes a Jewish person born in Israel, named after the prickly pear cactus. Once a pejorative from immigrants, it was reclaimed in 1931 and became the Zionist "New Jew" archetype.
Sacagawea
Sacagawea (also Sakakawea, Sacajawea), Lemhi Shoshone woman, c. 1788-1812, interpreter and diplomat on the Lewis and Clark Expedition 1805-1806; depicted on the US Sacagawea dollar.
Saccade task
A saccade task is an eye-tracking paradigm in which a participant shifts gaze from a central fixation point to a peripheral target on cue, measuring attention and inhibitory control.
Sada Abe (阿部定)
Sada Abe (阿部定), Japanese geisha and prostitute who murdered and emasculated her lover Kichizō Ishida in May 1936, was sentenced to six years, and became an enduring icon of Japanese film, literature, and sexuality studies.
Sadhvi Bhagawati Saraswati
Sadhvi Bhagawati Saraswati, or Sadhviji, is an American-born Vedic monk, Stanford PhD, and author at Parmarth Niketan, Rishikesh; ordained a sadhvi in 2000, she leads GIWA and the Divine Shakti Foundation.
Sadie Hawkins Day
Sadie Hawkins Day, an invented holiday from Al Capp's Li'l Abner comic strip (first appearance November 15, 1937), in which Dogpatch women chase and marry bachelors; it spawned real girls-ask-boys Sadie Hawkins dances.
Sadism
Sadism is the personality trait of enjoying others' pain or suffering, named after the Marquis de Sade and introduced into psychiatry by Krafft-Ebing in 1886; studied as everyday sadism, the fourth Dark Tetrad trait, and as clinical sexual sadism disorder.
Sadness
Sadness: a basic human emotion triggered by loss or disappointment, expressed in face, tears, and physiology, and distinguished from clinical depression by duration, triggers, and course.