6,078 articles
Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church
Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church: the Latin Church discipline binding clerics to continence and celibacy (canon 277), its history from Elvira to the Lateran councils, Eastern married-priest practice, exceptions, and official rationales.
Clerical marriage
Clerical marriage is the marriage of ordained clergy, permitted in Orthodox, most Eastern Catholic, and Protestant churches while barred in the Latin Catholic rite; history spans early married bishops, the 1139 nullification ban, and Meiji Japan's nikujiki saitai.
Cleve Jones
Cleve Jones, American LGBT and AIDS activist mentored by Harvey Milk, co-founder of the San Francisco AIDS Foundation (1983) and originator of the NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt; author of When We Rise (2016), UNITE HERE organizer.
Cleveland Street scandal
Cleveland Street scandal, or West End scandal: 1889 London male brothel at 19 Cleveland Street where GPO telegraph boys served aristocratic clients; named peers, cover-up accusations, Labouchere Amendment context.
Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals
The Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals (CELF) is a standardized test battery used to identify and diagnose receptive and expressive language disorders in children ages 5 to 21.
Clinical psychology
Clinical psychology is the psychology specialty that assesses, diagnoses, prevents, and treats mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders, established by Lightner Witmer's first psychological clinic in 1896.
Clique
Clique: a small, exclusive friendship-based peer group, typically 2 to 12 members, most with five to six; distinct from reputation-based crowds, common in adolescence, and more influential than the classroom on academic self-concept.
Closed-eye hallucination
Closed-eye hallucination, also called closed-eye visualization (CEV), is visual imagery from phosphenes and visual snow to formed scenes experienced with eyes closed, linked to release phenomena, hypnagogia, vision loss, and stroboscopic stimulation.
Closeted
Closeted describes concealing one's sexual orientation or gender identity. Covers the metaphor's debutante-ball origins, concealment strategies, mental health findings, and structural stigma effects on coming out.
Clouding of consciousness
Clouding of consciousness, also called clouded consciousness, is a mild altered mental state with inattention and reduced wakefulness, classically a cardinal feature of delirium; DSM-5 dropped it while ICD-11 retains it as code MB20.2.
Cloward–Piven strategy
Cloward–Piven strategy: 1966 proposal by sociologists Richard Cloward and Frances Fox Piven in The Nation to overload US welfare rolls and force a guaranteed annual income; later a tea party conspiracy theory.
Cloze test
A cloze test is a fill-in-the-blank assessment in which readers restore words deleted from a passage, introduced by Wilson L. Taylor in 1953 to measure readability, comprehension, and language proficiency.
Coaching
Coaching is a collaborative helping relationship in which a coach and client set goals and build solutions, supporting goal attainment, self-directed learning, and personal growth in workplaces, healthcare, and education.
Cochin Jews
Cochin Jews (Cochini, Kerala Jews): ancient Jewish community of the Malabar coast, India, documented from 974-1020 CE copper plates, divided into White (Paradesi), Black (Malabari), and Meshuchrarim groups, which emigrated almost entirely to Israel in the 1950s.
Cocktail party effect
The cocktail party effect, named by Colin Cherry in 1953, is the ability to follow one voice among many; it also covers detecting one's own name in unattended speech and drives hearing-aid and speech-separation research.
Codependency
Codependency, a non-DSM behavioral pattern of prioritizing another's needs and enabling self-destructive behavior, emerged in 1970s addiction treatment, faces feminist critiques, and is measured by scales like the Holyoake Codependency Index.
Coercion
Coercion: compelling action through threats of harm or force, contrasted with persuasion. Covers philosophical accounts (Aquinas to Nozick), legal doctrine, psychiatric informal coercion, and coercive control law.
Coeur d'Alene people
Coeur d'Alene people, also called Schitsu'umsh ("Those who were found here"), a Salish-speaking federally recognized tribe of north Idaho with a 1873-established reservation at Plummer, about 2,190 members, and a $330 million annual economic footprint.
Coffee Meets Bagel
Coffee Meets Bagel (CMB) is a dating app founded in 2012 by sisters Arum, Dawoon, and Soo Kang, known for daily curated matches at noon and for declining Mark Cuban's record $30 million Shark Tank offer.
Coffin
Coffin: a container for a dead body, from Greek kophinos "basket"; tapered six-sided form, distinct from the rectangular North American casket, used from ancient Egypt to modern burial and cremation worldwide.
Cofradías de indios
Cofradías de indios were lay Catholic brotherhoods for indigenous people in colonial Spanish America, founded from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century and combining worship, mutual aid, and festivals.
Cognition
Cognition is the set of mental processes, perception, memory, reasoning, judgment, language, problem solving, by which a mind acquires and uses information; studied by cognitive psychology since the 1950s cognitive revolution.
Cognitive apprenticeship
Cognitive apprenticeship is a teaching framework that makes expert thinking visible through modeling, coaching, scaffolding, and fading, introduced by Allan Collins, John Seely Brown, and Susan E. Newman in 1987.
Cognitive bias
Cognitive bias: systematic deviation from norm or rationality in judgment, arising from heuristics; studied since Kahneman and Tversky's 1970s heuristics-and-biases program; heavily documented in medical diagnosis; countered through cognitive and technological debiasing interventions.
Cognitive bias modification
Cognitive bias modification (CBM) is a family of computerized training procedures that repeatedly practice attention or interpretation patterns to reduce maladaptive biases implicated in anxiety, depression, and addiction.
Cognitive development
Cognitive development is the growth of thinking abilities, including perception and problem-solving. While Jean Piaget defined stages, the prefrontal cortex continues to mature past puberty.
Cognitive dissonance
Cognitive dissonance, introduced by Leon Festinger in 1957, is the aversive arousal from inconsistent cognitions, studied via induced compliance, effort justification, and free-choice paradigms, driving attitude change, selective exposure, and health and political applications.
Cognitive Failures Questionnaire
The Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) is a 25-item self-report questionnaire that measures minor everyday lapses in memory, attention, and action, introduced by D. E. Broadbent and colleagues in 1982.
Cognitive interview
The cognitive interview is a forensic interviewing technique introduced in 1984 that increases accurate witness recall through context reinstatement, varied retrieval routes, and open-ended questioning.
Cognitive load
Cognitive load: the demand a task places on limited working memory; central concept of Sweller's cognitive load theory (intrinsic, extraneous, germane load) and of mental workload measurement via subjective, performance, and physiological methods.