6,078 articles
Hirabai Lobi
Hirabai Ibrahim Lobi (हीराबाई इब्राहीम लोबी), Siddi social worker of Jambur, Gujarat; founded Mahila Vikas Foundation 2004 and Balwadi kindergartens; Padma Shri 2023 for Social Work (Tribal); died 24 January 2025.
Hispanic
Hispanic: U.S. ethnic category for people of Spanish-speaking origin or descent, defined by the OMB regardless of race; also called Latino. 70.1 million Americans (21%) in 2025; Hispanic preferred over Latino by 54% to 30%.
Hispanic and Latino (ethnic categories)
Hispanic and Latino are pan-ethnic categories in U.S. federal statistics for people of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or other Spanish origin, regardless of race.
Hispanic and Latino Americans
Hispanic and Latino Americans: US residents of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish origin regardless of race; an ethnicity, not a race, marked by census undercounts, education gains, wage gaps, and the Hispanic mortality paradox.
Hispanicized Filipino-Chinese surnames
Hispanicized Filipino-Chinese surnames are Chinese-origin Philippine family names reshaped into Spanish-sounding forms, chiefly via the 1849 Claveria decree, patriarch-name adoption (Cojuangco, Teehankee), the Hokkien suffix -co, and baptismal godparent names, distinct from retained monosyllabic surnames like Tan.
Historical definitions of races in India
Historical racial definitions in India: colonial-era schemes, chiefly Herbert Risley's 1901 census typology using nasal anthropometry to rank Aryan and Dravidian races, continued by Indian scholars such as B.S. Guha, later discredited by genetics and modern anthropology.
Historical race concepts
Historical race concepts: frameworks from Bernier (1684), Linnaeus, Kant, and Blumenbach through eugenics to the twentieth-century anthropological, UNESCO, and genetic critiques, and today's social-constructivist and genomics-era population-descriptor frameworks.
Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States
Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States: how census race and ethnicity categories evolved from 1790's three categories to the 2024 SPD 15 revision adding a MENA category and a combined question.
History of Armenian Americans in Los Angeles
History of Armenian Americans in Los Angeles: waves from the Ottoman and Russian empires (1890-1924), the Middle East (1970s-1980s), and the post-Soviet period; Hollywood's Little Armenia, Glendale's roughly 40 percent Armenian population, and the city's new Armenian American Historic Context Statement.
History of Chinese Americans
History of Chinese Americans: Chinese migration and life in the United States from the Gold Rush and transcontinental railroad through the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act, Wong Kim Ark, 1943 repeal, and post-1965 growth.
History of Christianity and homosexuality
History of Christian attitudes toward homosexuality: patristic condemnation, Boswell's 1980 tolerance thesis and its critics, medieval law and adelphopoiesis, and modern denominational positions from Catholic doctrine to the 2024 United Methodist reversal.
History of dating services
The history of dating services covers paid matchmaking from matrimonial ads in late 17th-century British newspapers, through 1960s computer dating, to the first online site in 1994.
History of feminism
History of feminism: organized movements for equality of the sexes, told as waves from 1848 Seneca Falls suffrage campaigning through 1960s women's liberation, 1990s third-wave intersectionality, and digital #MeToo fourth wave.
History of homosexuality
History of homosexuality: the record of same-sex desire and relationships across cultures, from ancient Greece and imperial China to European criminalization, 19th-century sexology, Foucault's modern homosexual, DSM/ICD depathologization (1973, 1990), and global law reform.
History of human migration
History of human migration: the out-of-Africa spread of Homo sapiens over 300,000 years, peopling of Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas, Neolithic and steppe movements revealed by ancient DNA, and modern international migration, 304 million people or 3.7 percent of humanity in 2024.
History of human sexuality
History of human sexuality covers the field tracing sexual norms, identities, and regulation from antiquity to today, shaped by Foucault's 1976 History of Sexuality, the 1970s feminist and gay liberation movements, and debates over essentialism versus social constructionism.
History of lesbianism
The history of lesbianism, or lesbian history, covers erotic and romantic relationships between women from antiquity onward, including the changing terms, from tribade to a modern identity formed in the nineteenth century.
History of lesbianism in the United States
History of lesbianism in the United States: covers colonial sodomy laws, Daughters of Bilitis (1955), The Ladder, lesbian feminism, lesbian bar decline, DADT, Lawrence v. Texas, and Obergefell v. Hodges.
History of masturbation
History of masturbation: from classical good-humored disdain through the Onania (c.1712–1716) and Tissot (1760) anti-masturbation panic, the nineteenth-century medical crusade, and the twentieth-century reversal to today's health consensus.
History of miscegenation
History of miscegenation: US laws against interracial sex and marriage from 1662 to Loving v. Virginia (1967), covering colonial statutes, the eugenics-era Racial Integrity Act, and repeal timelines.
History of Native Americans in the United States
History of Native Americans in the United States: Indigenous nations from precontact times through treaties (350+ by 1871), Removal Act 1830, Dawes Act 1887, Indian Citizenship Act 1924, Reorganization 1934, Termination, and Self-Determination 1975–present.
History of prostitution
History of prostitution (sex work): commercial sex from antiquity, Roman tolerance, medieval municipal brothels, 19th-century regulationism and Josephine Butler's repeal campaign, abolitionism, the 1980 'sex work' coinage, and modern decriminalization and HIV policy.
History of psychology
History of psychology: how the study of mind became an experimental science through Wundt's introspection, Fechner's psychophysics, behaviorism, Fisher's statistics, and recent feminist, decolonial, and historical turns.
History of the Jews in China
History of the Jews in China: twelve centuries from Tang-era Jewish merchants to the Kaifeng community (synagogue 1163, assimilated by the 19th century) and modern Sephardi, Russian, and WWII refugee communities in Shanghai, Harbin, and Tianjin.
History of the Jews in Hungary
History of the Jews in Hungary (magyar zsidóság): a community of almost one million before World War I, split into Neolog, Orthodox, and Status Quo branches, decimated by the 1944 deportations to Auschwitz and the Arrow Cross terror, with about 100,000 Jews in Hungary today.
History of the Jews in India
History of the Jews in India: the Bene Israel, Cochin Jews, and Baghdadi Jews, distinct communities settled over two millennia, largely without antisemitism, mostly emigrating to Israel in the 1950s and 1960s, leaving fewer than 5,000 Jews in India today.
History of the Jews in Los Angeles
History of the Jews in Los Angeles: from Jacob Frankfort's 1841 arrival through Boyle Heights, the postwar boom to 600,000 people, Fairfax, Iranian Jewish migration, and Cedars-Sinai.
History of the Jews in Romania
History of the Jews in Romania: Jewish life from Roman Dacia and medieval Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania through emancipation struggles, the Holocaust under Antonescu (280,000-380,000 killed), communist-era emigration, and today's community of about 8,900.
History of the Jews in Russia
History of the Jews in Russia, also covering the Pale of Settlement (черта оседлости) era: Jewish life under the Russian Empire, Soviet Union, and Russian Federation, from the 1772 and 1791 Pale laws through pogroms, the 1917 revolution, the Holocaust, and post-Soviet emigration.
History of the Jews in the United States
The history of the Jews in the United States spans about 370 years, from 23 Sephardic refugees arriving in New Amsterdam in 1654 to 7.5 million today.