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Reforms of 1867–1868 in Kazakhstan
The Reforms of 1867–1868 in Kazakhstan were imperial Russian statutes signed by Tsar Alexander II that divided the Kazakh steppe into oblasts, districts, and volosts under direct imperial rule.
Reforms of Ahmad Bey
The Reforms of Ahmad Bey were European-inspired modernizing reforms in the Regency of Tunis from 1837 to 1855, led by Ahmad I Bey of the Husainid dynasty.
Reforms of Amir Kabir
The Reforms of Amir Kabir (اصلاحات امیرکبیر) were administrative, fiscal, military, and cultural reforms carried out by grand vizier Amir Kabir in Qajar Iran between 1848 and 1851.
Reforms of Chai Rong
The Reforms of Chai Rong (周世宗改革) were the military, fiscal, legal, and religious measures of Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou, who rebuilt the central army and recovered territory before dying in 959.
Reforms of Emperor Shengzong of Liao
The reforms of Emperor Shengzong of Liao (遼聖宗改革) were administrative, legal, fiscal, and military changes in the Khitan Liao dynasty, conducted under Empress Dowager Chengtian with Han Chinese advisers like Han Derang.
Reforms of Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei
The Reforms of Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei (孝文帝改制朝廷) remade the Xianbei court on a Chinese model, moving the capital to Luoyang in the Taihe era.
Reforms of Hezekiah
The reforms of Hezekiah, also called Hezekiah's religious reform, were a late eighth century BCE program removing high places, Asherah poles, and the Nehushtan, centralizing sacrifice in the Jerusalem Temple.
Reforms of Jeroboam I
The reforms of Jeroboam I, also called Jeroboam's cultic reform, were religious measures by the first king of northern Israel, establishing golden calves at Dan and Bethel.
Reforms of Josiah
The Reforms of Josiah, also called the Josianic reform, were King Josiah's religious reforms of Judah in 622 BC, purging foreign cult objects and centralizing all sacrifice at the Jerusalem Temple.
Reforms of Khayr al-Din Pasha
The Reforms of Khayr al-Din Pasha (خير الدين التونسي) were administrative, financial, judicial, and educational modernizations in the Regency of Tunis during his premiership from 1873 to 1877.
Reforms of Khusrau I
The Reforms of Khusrau I (اصلاحات خسرو انوشیروان) were Sasanian fiscal, military, and administrative reforms, begun under Kavad I and completed by Khusrau I Anushirvan after 531.
Reforms of King Jijeung
The Reforms of King Jijeung (지증왕) were state-building measures in the Korean kingdom of Silla between 500 and 514, abolishing human sacrifice and fixing the national name as Silla.
Reforms of Li Kui
The Reforms of Li Kui (李悝变法) were legal, economic, and administrative reforms in the state of Weiguo around 403 BC, directed by Li Kui under Wei Wenhou.
Reforms of Princess Olga
The Reforms of Princess Olga (Реформы княгини Ольги) were tribute and administrative reforms in Kievan Rus', recorded in 946 and 947, establishing pogosty and fixed tribute quotas.
Reforms of Sinmun of Silla
The Reforms of Sinmun of Silla were political, administrative, and military restructurings by King Sinmun of Unified Silla, from 681 to 692, strengthening royal authority against the jingol aristocracy.
Reforms of Taejong of Joseon
The Reforms of Taejong of Joseon (태종의 개혁) were institutional changes under Joseon's third king Taejong, abolishing princes' private armies and reorganizing government around the Uijeongbu and six boards.
Reforms of the Chosen Council (1549–1560)
The Reforms of the Chosen Council (Реформы Избранной рады) were reforms carried out in Muscovy under Ivan IV from 1549 to 1560, beginning with the first Zemsky Sobor.
Reforms of Urukagina
The Reforms of Urukagina, also called the Edicts of Urukagina, are royal decrees issued by Urukagina, king of the Sumerian city-state of Lagash, in the mid-24th century BCE.
Refractory period (sex)
Sexual refractory period (post-ejaculation refractory time, PERT): the phase after male orgasm and ejaculation when erection and further ejaculation are inhibited, lasting minutes to days and lengthening with age; absent or controversial in females, with serotonin-related mechanisms proposed.
Refuge in Buddhism
Refuge in Buddhism, also called the Three Jewels or Triple Gem, is the commitment to the Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha made by Buddhist lay disciples.
Refugee
Refugee: a person outside their country owing to well-founded fear of persecution under the 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol. 41.6 million refugees at end-2025; core principle non-refoulement; distinct from asylum-seekers and IDPs.
Refugee uprisings in Jing and Xiang
The refugee uprisings in Jing and Xiang (流民起义于荆湘) were revolts by Sichuan refugees in Jingzhou and Xiangzhou during the Western Jin collapse, led by Du Tao.
Refugees in Uganda
Uganda hosts more refugees than any other African country, over 2 million by mid-2026, mainly South Sudanese and Congolese, governed through rural settlements with land allocations rather than camps.
Refugees of the Syrian civil war
Refugees of the Syrian civil war: Syrians who fled abroad after the 2011 uprising, peaking at 6.8 million, mainly in Turkey, Lebanon, and Jordan, with over 1.2 million returning after Assad's December 2024 fall.
Refurbed
Refurbed is an Austrian online marketplace for professionally refurbished consumer electronics, founded in Vienna in 2017, with over €3 billion in cumulative sales across 24 European markets.
Refusal of work
Refusal of work, or work refusal, is the practice and political tradition of resisting or rejecting paid labor, ranging from absenteeism and sabotage to strikes and demands for shorter hours.
Refusenik
Refusenik (отказник): a Soviet Jew denied an exit visa after applying to emigrate, mostly to Israel, from the late 1960s; organized dissident movement, Jackson-Vanik pressure, Shcharansky case, mass departures after 1987.
Refyne
Refyne is an Indian fintech company founded in Bengaluru in 2020 by Chitresh Sharma and Apoorv Kumar, offering earned wage access through its Salary On-Demand platform.
Reg Seekings
Reg Seekings (Albert Reginald Seekings) was a British SAS soldier who rose from private to squadron sergeant major and became one of the Second World War's most decorated special forces soldiers.
Regado Biosciences
Regado Biosciences was a biopharmaceutical company developing actively controllable antithrombotic drug systems for cardiovascular care; its lead candidate REG1 was halted for safety in 2014.